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Book H 



SMITHSONIAM DEPOSIT 



THE 

UNITED STATES 

PATENT LAW 



INSTRUCTIONS 



How to Obtain Letters Patent 



FOR NEW INVENTIONS: 



Including a Variety op Useful Information concerning the 
Rules and Practice of the Patent-Office ; How to Sell 
Patents ; How to secure Foreign Patents ; Forms for 
Assignments and Licenses ; together with En- 
gravings and Descriptions of the Con- 
densing Steam-Engine, and the 
Principal Mechanical Move- 
ments, Valuable Tables, 
Calculations, Prob- 
lems, ETC., ETC. 



BY 

MUNN & CO,, Solicitors of Patents, 

No. 37 Park Row, New-Yoik, 



PUBLISHED BY MUNN & CO., AT THE OFFICE OF THE 

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 

No. 37 F^RK ROW. 

1867. 








Entered, 


according to Act of Congress, 
MUNN & CO., 


in the year 1865, 


by 


in 


the Clerk's 


Office of the District Court of the United States for the 






Southern District of New 


-York. 


-4 




A 



*> v 



JOHN A. GRAY & GREEN, 

printers, 
16 and 13 Jacob Street, New- York. 



HOW TO INVENT. 




F we were asked to point out 
the course of life, business, or 
enterprise upon which any man 
of ordinary gifts might enter, 
with the best prospects of 
speedy success, we should un- 
hesitatingly direct him to in- 
vention. Many and wonderful 
have been the achievements of 
modern genius. But the realm 
of invention is absolutely ex- 
haustless, and only its outer 
edges have been explored. The 
world has yet to witness the 
most astounding triumphs of mind over matter. 

It is a popular error to suppose that much knowledge, 
painful effort, constant disappointment, and many weari- 
some failures are the necessary preliminaries to an invent- 
or's success. True, there are individual examples of this 
kind ; they are exceptions. 

It may be affirmed as the general rule, that inventors 
make money more quickly, more easily, and with less ex- 
penditure of thought, capital, or labor, than any other class 
of men. 

It may also be affirmed that industrial enterprises and 
speculations which are connected with the development and 
introduction of new inventions are among the most sure and 
profitable investments that can be made. 

The readiest way to invent is to keep thinking. In order 
to supply the mind with a constant succession of subjects, 
the inventor should cultivate habits of observation. Keep 
your eyes and ears open. Examine things about you, and 
seek to know how they are made, and how improved. 

The young inventor should acquire a knowledge of the 
general laws and principles of natural philosophy, chem- 
istry, and all of the sciences. 



4 SMALL INVENTIONS MOST PROFITABLE. 

Leisure hours might be occupied with drawing and with 
books suggestive of improvements. To avoid waste of 
time in reproducing old devices, the inventor should be 
well posted in regard to inventions that have already been 
patented. For this purpose, an attentive study of The Sci- 
entific American will be almost indispensable. 

The Boston Journal makes the following useful remarks: 
" Of course, in order to succeed, a new invention must be 
superior to any thing that has preceded it, and must be sold 
at a price that will enable it to be brought into general use. 

People cannot afford to throw away old implements unless 
the new ones are enough better to make up for the loss. 
Let inventors produce a good article, at a moderate price, 
and they will be sure of success." 



SMALL INVENTIONS MOST PROFITABLE. 

In an official report of a Chief Examiner of the United 
States Patent Office, we find the following : " A patent, if 
it is worth any thing, when properly managed, is worth and 
can easily be sold for from ten to fifty thousand dollars. 
These remarks only apply to patents of minor or ordinary 
value. They do not include such as the telegraph, the 
planing-machine, and the rubber patents, which are worth 
millions each. A few cases of the first kind will better il- 
lustrate my meaning. 

" A man obtained a patent for a slight improvement in 
straw-cutters, took a model of his invention through the 
Western States, and after a tour of eight months, returned 
with forty thousand dollars in cash, or its equivalent. 

"Another inventor obtained extension of a patent for a ma- 
chine to thresh and clean grain, and sold it, in about fifteen 
months, for sixty thousand dollars. A third obtained a 
patent for a printer's ink, and refused fifty thousand dollars, 
and finally sold it for about sixty thousand dollars. 

" These are ordinary cases of minor invention, embracing 
no very considerable inventive powers, and of which hun- 
dreds go out from the Patent Office every year. Experience 
shows that the most profitable patents are those which con- 
tain very little real invention, and are to a superficial ob- 
server of little value." 



HOW TO OBTAIN PATENTS. 




HOW TO OBTAIN PATENTS. 

HE first inquiry that presents itself 
to one who has made any improve- 
ment or discovery is : " Can I ob- 
tain a Patent ?" A positive answer 
can only be had by presenting a 
complete application for a Patent 
to the Commissioner of Patents. 
An application consists of a Model, 
Drawings, Petition, Oath, and full 
Specification. Various official rules 
and formalities must also be ob- 
served. The efforts of the invent- 
or to do all this business himself 
are generally without success. Af- 
ter a season of great perplexity and 
delay, he is usually glad to seek 
the aid of persons experienced in patent business, and have 
all the work done over again. The best plan is to solicit 
proper advice at the beginning. 

If the parties consulted are honorable men, the inventor 
may safely confide his ideas to them ; they will advise whe- 
ther the improvement is probably patentable, and will give 
him all the directions needful to protect his rights. 

We (Munn & Co.) have been actively engaged in the 
business of obtaining patents for about twenty years. Many 
thousands of inventors have had benefit from our counsels. 
More than one third of all patents granted are obtained by us. 
Those who have made inventions and desire to consult 
with us, are cordially invited to do so. We shall be happy 
to see them in person at our office, or to advise them by 
letter or through The Scientific American. In all cases 
they may expect from us an honest opinion. For such con- 
sultations, opinion, and advice, ive make no charge. A pen- 
and-ink sketch and a description of the invention should 
be sent, together with stamps for return postage. Write 
plain ; do not use pencil nor pale ink ; be brief. 

All business committed to our care, and all consultations, 
are kept by us secret and strictly confidential. Address 
Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New-York. 



SPECIAL EXAMINATIONS. 



SPECIAL 




EXAMINATIONS. 

Fee $5. 



jp N many cases it will be advisable, as 
a measure of prudence, to order a 
Preliminary Examination. This 
consists of a special search, made 
at the U. S. Patent Office, Wash- 
ington, through the medium of our 
house in that city, to ascertain whe- 
ther, among all the thousands of 
patents and models there stored, 
any invention can be found which 
is similar in character to that of 
the applicant. On the completion of this special search we 
send a written report of the result to the party concerned, 
with suitable advice. Our charge for this service is $5. 

If the device has been patented, the time and expense 
of constructing models, preparing documents, etc., will, in 
most cases, be saved by means of this ^search ; if the in- 
vention has been in part patented, the applicant will be en- 
abled to modify his claims and expectations accordingly. 
Many other obvious advantages attend Preliminary Ex- 
amination, although the strictest search does not always 
enable the applicant to know absolutely, whether a patent 
will be granted. 

For example, applications for patents are sometimes re- 
jected because the Examining Officer finds a description of 
the alleged invention in some foreign publication ; or some 
other person has been previously rejected on an analogous 
device ; or some other invention, for a similar purpose, 
partially resembles the applicant's in its construction ; or 
the Government makes an unjust or uncommon decision. 
Against none of these contingencies does the Preliminary 
Examination provide. 

It will, however, generally inform the applicant whether 
an improvement similar to his, and used for the same pur- 
pose, has ever been patented in this country. 

Parties desiring the Preliminary Examination are request- 
ed to remit the fee, ($5,) and furnish us with a sketch or 
photograph, and a brief description of the invention. 



GENERAL INFORMATION". 



Where examination is wanted upon more than one inven- 
tion, $5 for each must be sent ; as each device requires a 
separate, careful search. Address Munn & Co., 37 Park 



Row, N. Y. 




OTHES INFORMATION. 

If you wish for general information 
as to the rules and law of Infringe- 
ments, Reissues, Claims, etc., state your 
inquiries clearly, and remit $5. Opin- 
ions in special cases of Infringement 
cost more. See page 16. 

If you wish for advice in regard to 
assignments, or upon the rights of par- 
ties under assignments, joint ownership in patents, con- 
tracts, or licenses, state the points clearly upon which in- 
formation is wanted, and remit $5. 

If you desire to know in whose name the title to a Pat- 
ent is officially recorded, at Washington ; or if you wish 
for an abstract of all the deeds of transfer connected with 
a Patent, send us the name of the patentee, date of patent, 
etc., and remit $5. 

If you desire a sketch from the drawings of any Patent, 
and a description from the specification, give the patentee's 
name, date of the patent, and remit $5. 

If you desire to have an assignment ot a Patent, or any 
share thereof, or a license, made out in the proper manner, 
and placed on record, give us the full names of the parties, 
residences, title of the invention, etc., and remit $5. This 
includes record fee. 

Inventions or shares thereof may be assigned either be- 
fore or after the grant of a patent. Agreements and con- 
tracts in regard to inventions need to be recorded, like as- 
signments, at Washington. For any agreement or contract 
that you wish prepared, remit $5. 

£3ip Remember that we (Munn & Co.) have branch-offices 
in Washington, and have constant access to all the public 
records. We can therefore make for you any kind of search, 
or look up for you any sort of information in regard to Pat- 
ents, or Inventions, or Applications for Patents, either pend- 
ing or rejected, that you may desire. 




HOW TO FILE CAVEATS. 



CAVEATS. 

The filing of a Caveat is often- 
times of great importance, as it may 
be quickly done, and affords a limit- 
ed but immediate protection. The 
filing of a Caveat prevents, during 
its existence, the issue of a patent, 
without the knowledge of the Cave- 
ator, to any other person for a simi- 
lar device. The Caveator is entitled 
to receive official notice, during a 
period of one year, of any other pe- 
tition for a patent for a similar or 
interfering invention, filed during 
that time. On receiving such offi- 
cial notice, the Caveator is required 
to complete his own application 
within three months from the date 
of the notice. 

A Caveat consists of a Specification, Drawing, Oath, and 
Petition. To be of any value, these papers should be 
carefully drawn up, and the official rules scrupulously com- 
plied with. No model is required. Our facilities enable us 
to prepare Caveat-papers with great dispatch. 

When specially desired, we can have them ready to send to 
the applicant, for signature and affidavit, by return mail, or 
at an hour's notice. The official fee for a Caveat is $10, 
and we generally charge $10 or $15 to prepare the accom- 
panying papers and attend to the business — making $20 or 
$25*in all. 

A Caveat runs for a year, and can be extended by paying 
$10 a year. 

Caveats can only be filed by citizens of the United States, 
and aliens who have resided here one year and have de- 
clared their intention to become citizens. 

To enable us to prepare Caveat papers, all that we need 
is a sketch, drawing, or photograph, and description of the 
invention, with which remit fees as above. Model not re- 



quired. 



EXPENSES OF OBTAINING A PATENT. 



9 



PATENTS. 

Under the present American 
law, all persons pay the same 
official fees, without distinction as 
to nationality. Patents are also 
granted to women and minors. 
The only discrimination is 
against inhabitants of countries 
that discriminate against in- 
habitants of the United States. 
The first government fee on 
filing an application for a patent 
is $15 ; stamps, SI. Add to this 
the attorney's charge for draw- 
ings, specification, and attend- 
ance to the business of the case before the Patent Office. 
Our charge for these services is, for simple cases, $25 ; and 
from that price upward to $35 or more, according to the 
time and labor required. If the patent is " allowed/' a sec- 
ond government fee of $20 is then to be paid. 




RECAPITULATION OF COSTS. 

First Government fee and stamps, - - - - $16 
Munn & Co., Specifications, Drawings, and Business, 25 



*Cost of making the application, - 
Second Government fee, payable if allowed, - 

t Whole cost of Patent, (if a simple case,; 



$41 
20 



$61 



The application for a patent must be made in the name of 
the inventor, who alone can sign the papers. An attorney 
cannot sign the papers for the inventor. 

Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent. 

An agreement or partnership between two persons, one of 
whom is the inventor, and the other only a partner or part 
owner, does not make them joint applicants for a patent. 

In case of the death of an inventor, his heirs may obtain 
a patent. 

*If a patent is not granted, the applicant loses the cost of making 
the application. 

tWhen an appeal is required there are additional expenses. See 
next page. 



10 



AMENDMENTS AND APPEALS. 



AMENDMENTS AND APPEALS, 




We, Munn & 
tensive Branch 
ington, employing a 



proper 



Co., have an ex- 
House in Wash- 
corps of 
skilled assistants, and we make it 
our special duty to watch over the 
cases of our clients while they are 
before the Patent Office. If the 
examining officer objects to the 
grant of the claims, or gives re- 
ferences, or requires amendments, 
we examine the references, and 
make the amendments, if we deem 
to secure the allowance of our client's 
patent as soon as possible. When the examiner refuses to 
allow a patent, and rejects the case, we report the fact to 
our client, and inform him as to the probabilities of obtain- 
ing a reversal of the examiner's decision by an appeal to 
the Examiners-in-Chief. 

First Appeal. — The government fee payable by the appli- 
cant on making an appeal to the Examiners-in-Chief, is $10. 
Our charges for preparing and conducting this appeal are 
very moderate, and generally contingent upon success. 

Second Appeal. — From the decision of the Examiners-in- 
Chief an appeal may be taken to the Commissioner of 
Patents. Government fee, $20. 

Third Appeal. — From the decision of the Commissioner 
of Patents an appeal may be taken to one of the Judges of 
the U. S. District Court at Washington. Government fee, $25. 

REJECTED CASES. 

We shall be happy to take up rejected cases, or to re- 
model defective papers for parties who have made applica- 
tion for themselves or through other agents. Terms mo- 
derate. Address Munn & Co., stating the particulars. 

FORFEITED CASES. 
By a recent change in the Patent Law, all inventors 
whose right to a patent has been forfeited by delay in the 
payment of the second Government fee, may now renew 
their rights by filing a new application. The original model 
may be used. . 



ABOUT MODELS AND REMITTANCES. 



11 



MODELS, REMITTANCES, ETC. 



ERSONS who apply for pa- 
tents are by law required to 
furnish a model, in all cases 
where the invention can be 
illustrated or partly illus- 
trated by a model. The 
model must not exceed 
twelve inches in any of its 
dimensions ; it should be 
neatly made, of hard wood 




the inventor should 
spicuously. Where 



or metal, or other substan- 
tial material ; the name of 
be engraved or painted upon it con- 
the invention consists of an improve- 
ment on some known machine, or part of a machine, a full 
working model of the whole will not be necessary. It 
should be sufficiently perfect, however, to show, with clear- 
ness, the nature and operation of the invention. More than 
one patent cannot be taken out on one model. 

When the invention consists of a new article of manufac- 
ture or a new composition, samples of the article must be 
furnished. 

New medicines or medical compounds, and useful mix- 
tures of all kinds, are patentable. Samples must be fur- 
nished, and a very minute statement must be made of the 
exact proportions and ingredients used. 

As soon as the model or specimen is ready, it should be 
carefully boxed and shipped, by express or otherwise, to 
our address, namely, Hunn & Co., No. 37 Park Row, New- 
York City. Prepay the expense, and send the express 
receipt to us by mail. 

Simultaneously with the model or specimens, the invent- 
or should also send us the first instalment of the Govern- 
ment fee and stamps, $16. The money may be forwarded 
either by express, with the model, or by mail. The safest 
way to remit is by draft on New-York, payable to our order, 
or by Post-Office order. Always send a letter with the 
model, and also with the remittance, stating the name and 



12 NEW INVENTIONS. 

address of the sender. We sometimes receive envelopes 
containing money, but without any name or explanation ; 
models are also frequently sent us from equally unknown 
sources. 

A full written description should also be sent with the 
model, embodying all the ideas of the inventor respecting the 
operation and merits of the improvement. This statement is 
often of assistance to us in preparing the specification. 

On the reception of the model and Government fee, the 
case is duly registered upon our books, and the application 
proceeded with as fast as possible. When the documents 
are ready, we send them to the inventor by mail, for his ex- 
amination, signature and affidavit, with a letter of instruc- 
tion, etc. Our fee for preparing the case is then due, and 
will be called for. Immediately on its return, the case will 
be presented to the Patent Office, and as soon as the patent 
is allowed, the applicant will be notified to remit the last 
instalment of the Government fee, namely, $20, and the 
patent will then be issued. 

Inventors who do business with us will be notified of the 
state of their application in the Patent Office, when it is 
possible for us to do so. We do not require the personal 
attendance of the inventor, unless the invention is one of 
great complication ; the business can be done as well by 
correspondence. 

The average time required to procure a patent is six 
weeks. We frequently get them through in less time ; but 
in other cases, owing to delay on the part of the officials, 
the period is sometimes extended to two or three months, 
and even more. We make a special point to forward our 
cases as rapidly as possible. 



Be neither lavish nor niggardly; of the two, avoid the 
latter. A mean man is universally despised, but public 
favor is a stepping-stone to preferment ; therefore, generous 
feelings should be cultivated. 

Never, under any circumstances, assume a responsibility 
you can avoid consistently with your duty to yourself and 
others. 



QUICK APPLICATIONS FOR PATENTS. 13 



QUICK 




APPLICATIONS. 

When, from any rea - 
son, parties are desirous 
of applying for Patents 
or Caveats in great haste, 
without a moment's loss 
of time, they have only 
to write or telegraph us 
specially to that effect, 
and we will make spe- 
cial exertions. We can 
prepare and mail the 
necessary papers at less 
than an hour's notice, 
if required. 



THE INVENTOR MUST APPLY FOR THE 
PATENT. 
It is necessary, in all cases, that an application for a pa- 
tent should be made in the name of the inventor, and the 
petition and specification must be signed by him. An in- 
ventor may appoint an attorney, or may sell and assign all 
his interest in an invention ; still the patent papers, on mak- 
ing the application, must be signed and sworn by the in- 
ventor ; otherwise they will not be received by the Com- 
missioner of Patents. Canadians, and other foreign invent- 
ors, have erroneously supposed that by transferring their 
full rights to an American citizen, preliminary to an applica- 
tion, they could thereby obtain the patent for the same small 
fee required of a citizen. But this is impossible ; for 
the applicant is required to swear that he believes himself 
to be the first inventor. 



Remember that self-interest is more likely to warp your 
judgment than all other circumstances combined ; therefore, 
look well to your duty when your interest is concerned. 

Wine-drinking, chewing, and smoking are bad habits ; 
they impair the mind and pocket, and lead to a waste of 
time. 

2 



14 



DESIGNS AND COPY-RIGHTS, 



PATENTS FOB DESIGNS, ETC. 

Design-Patents may be taken out 
for any new form of any article ; also for 
new tools, patterns, ornamental cast- 
ings of machine-frames, stove-plates, 
borders, fringes ; all new designs for 
printing, weaving, or stamping upon 
silks, calicoes, carpets, oil-cloth prints, 
paper-hangings, and other articles. New 
forms for trade-marks, labels, envelopes, 
boxes and bottles for goods, may also 
be patented ; likewise all works of art, 
including prints, paintings, busts, stat- 
ues, bas-reliefs, or compositions in alto, 
or basso-relievo, new dies, impressions, 
ornaments to be placed or used upon 
any article of manufacture, architectural work, etc. [See 
page 76, section 11.] 

The term for which Design-Patents are granted varies 
according to the fee paid bv the applicant, as follows : 

Patent for three and one-half years, $10 ; patent for seven 
years, $15; patent for fourteen years, $30. Add to the 
above the cost of preparing the specifications, etc., for which 
we usually charge $25. 

No models for designs are required. But duplicate draw- 
ings must be furnished, together with the usual specification, 
petition, and affidavit, which, to render the patent of value, 
should be prepared with the utmost care. In many cases, 
two good photographs of the Design which it is desired to 
patent, may be used in lieu of drawings. The negative 
must accompany the photographs. Address, 

Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York City. 




COPYRIGHTS. 

Copyrights may be obtained for Trade-Marks, Labels, 
Stamps, Books, Drawings, Photographs, etc. The whole 
business of obtaining such copyrights is done by Munn & 
Co., 37 Park Row, for $5. Remit that sum, and send three 
printed copies of the title* of whatever you desire to have 
secured. 




GOING TO WASHINGTON IN PERSON. 15 



GOING TO WASHINGTON IN PERSON. 

Some inventors suppose, very 
naturally, that if personally pre- 
sent in Washington, they can get 
their cases through more expe- 
ditiously, or command other im- 
portant facilities. But this is not 
so. The journey to Washington 
is usually a mere waste of time 
and money. A good agent must 
be employed after the inventor 
gets there. No inventor can pos- 
sibly have facilities or influence 
superior to our oion ; more than 
one third of the entire business of the Patent Office passes 
through our hands ; and we have an office in Washington, 
charged with the especial duty of watching over and press- 
ing forward the interests of our clients. 

The Patent Office does not prepare patent papers, or make 
models. These must be provided by the applicant or his 
attorney, according to law, otherwise his claim will not be 
considered. 

The law especially requires that all documents deposited 
in the Patent Office shall be correctly, legibly, and clearly 
written, and that the drawings shall be of a specified size, 
and executed in an artistic manner. 

Persons who visit Washington in person, can have all 
their patent business promptly attended to, by calling at 
Munn & Co.'s Branch Scientific American Office, corner 
of fan and F streets, opposite the Patent Office. 



COPIES OP PATENTS, ASSIGNMENTS, ETC. 

We furnish full copies of specifications or drawings of 
any existing patent, or open rejected case, official letter, 
assignment, etc., etc. The expense varies from $5 to $10 
and over, according to the amount of work on the draw- 
ings. See page 7. For $1 we can send a copy of the claims 
only, of any existing patent. 



16 THE LAW OF INFRINGEMENT. 




INFRINGEMENTS. 

The general rule of law is, 
that the prior patentee is en- 
titled to a broad interpretation 
of his claims. The scope of 
any patent is therefore govern- 
ed by the inventions of prior 
date. To determine whether 
the use of a patent is an infringement of another, generally 
requires a most careful study of all analogous prior patents 
and rejected applications. An opinion based upon such 
study requires- for its preparation much time and labor. 

Having access to all the patents, models, public records, 
drawings, and other documents pertaining to the Patent 
Office, we are prepared to make examinations, and give 
opinions upon all infringement questions, advice as to the 
scope and ground covered by patents, and direct with vigor 
any le°;al proceedings therewith connected. Address, Muxx 
& Co.,"37 Park Row, N. Y. 

The expense of these examinations, with written opinion, 
varies from $25 to $100 or more, according to the labor in- 
volved. See page 7. 



To the Editors of The Scientific American : 

Let me encourage you, gentlemen, in your great enter- 
prise. Perhaps we need light and elegant literature ; we 
may even need u chess columns;" but let The Scientific 
American continue to teach the people how to realize Dean 
Swift's prayer — " Make two blades of grass grow on the spot 
where only one grew before." Let it still increase the me- 
chanical and agricultural knowledge of our artisans and far- 
mers, by publishing the latest discoveries in science and 
improvements in the arts. And then its editors will have 
the noblest reward — that of being considered the guard- 
ian angels of genius, the champions of inventors, and the 
" prime motors" employed in developing the highest phy- 
sical and intellectual resources of this great country. 

Camden, Ark. W. A. Shaw, M.D. 



OUR FOREIGN AGENCIES. 



17 




GENERAL REMARKS. 

OR over twenty years Messrs. 
Munn & Co. have been per- 
sonally familiar with the prog- 
ress of invention and discov- 
ery. As an evidence of the 
confidence reposed in them, 
they may with propriety refer 
to the extraordinarv fact that 
nearly TWENTY THOUSAND 
PATENTS have been obtain- 
ed by them ; and through their 
efficient Branch Office in Wash- 
ington they have examined in- 
to the novelty of many thou- 
sand inventions, thus affording to them a knowledge of the 
contents of the Patent Office unrivalled by any existing 
agency. 

Not only this, but a large majority of all the patents 
secured by American citizens in European countries are 
taken through MUNN & CO.'S AGENCIES IN LONDON, 
PARIS, BRUSSELS, BERLIN, AND VIENNA. 

In addition to the advantages which the long experience 
and great success of our firm in obtaining patents present 
to inventors, they are informed that all inventions patented 
through our establishment are noticed, at the proper time, in 
The Scientific American. This paper is read by more 
than one hundred thousand persons every week, and has 
the most extensive and influential circulation of all the 
journals of its kind in the world. 



No individual in the country can possibly have so good 
an opportunity of knowing and judging as to the extent of 
business and the qualification of patent attorneys as the 
Commissioner of Patents. Judge Mason, upon retiring 
from the office of the Commissioner of Patents, sent us the 
following very flattering written testimonial : 



IS LETTERS FROM THE COMMISSIONERS, 



COMMISSIONER MASON'S LETTER. 

Messrs. Munn & Co. : 

I take pleasure in stating that, while I held the office of 
Commissioner of Patents, more than one fourth of all the 

BUSINESS OF THE OFFICE CAME THROUGH YOUR HANDS. I have 

no doubt that the public confidence thus indicated has been 
fully deserved, as I have always observed, in all your in- 
tercourse with the office, a MARKED DEGREE of prompt- 
ness, skill, and fidelity to the interests of your employers. 
Yours, very truly, Chas. Mason. 



Judge Mason was succeeded by that eminent patriot and 
statesman, Hon. Joseph Holt, whose administration of the 
Patent Office was so distinguished that he was appointed 
Postmaster-General of the U. S. Hon. Mr. Holt was subse- 
quently appointed Judge- Advocate-General. He addressed 
us the following very gratifying communication : 

COMMISSIONER HOLT'S LETTER. 

Messrs. Munn & Co. : 

It affords me much pleasure to bear testimony to the 
able and efficient manner in which you discharged your du- 
ties as Solicitors of Patents while I had the honor of hold- 
ing the office of Commissioner. Your business was very 
large, and you sustained (and I doubt not justly deserved) 
the reputation of energy, MARKED ABILITY, and uncom- 
promising fidelity in performing your professional engage- 
ments. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, J. Holt. 



Hon. Wm. D. Bishop, late Member of Congress from 
Connecticut, succeeded Mr. Holt as Commissioner of Pat 
ents. Upon resigning the office, he wrote to us as follows : 

COMMISSIONER BISHOP'S LETTER. 

Messrs. Munn & Co.: 

It gives me much pleasure to say that, during the time 
of my holding the office of Commissioner of Patents, a very 



HOW TO CONVERT PAPER INTO GOLD. 19 

large proportion of the business of inventors before the 
Patent Office was transacted through your agency ; and that 
I have ever found vou faithful and devoted to the interests 
of your clients, as well as EMINENTLY QUALIFIED to 
perform the duties of Patent Attorneys with skill and ac- 
curacy. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

Wm. D. Bishop. 



One great reason for our unrivalled success is, that our 
affairs are so systematized and arranged under our personal 
direction, that every patent case submitted to our care re- 
ceives the most careful study during its preparation, the 
most prompt dispatch, and the most thorough attention at 
every stage of its subsequent progress. 



HOW TO CONVERT PAPER INTO GOLD. 

Send a subscription in paper money to Munn & Co., and 
enjoy a year's reading of The Scientific American. Ten to 
one that the information thus obtained will result in bringing 
into your coffers, before the year is out, a hundred times 
more money in gold, than the original investment. 




he speed of an electric spark travelling 
over a copper wire, has been ascertained 
by Wheatstone to be two hundred and 
eighty-eight thousand miles in a second. 



Parties sending models to the Scienti- 
fic American office, on which they de- 
cide not to apply for Letters Patent, and 
which they wish preserved, will please to 
order them returned as early as possible. 
We cannot undertake to store such mod- 
els, and if not called for within a reasonable time, we are 
obliged to destroy them, to make room for new arrivals. 



20 



HEAT TABLES. 



EFFECTS OF HEAT UPON BODIES. 



Fahrenheit. 
Beg. 

Cast-iron melts 2T86 

Gold " 2016 

Copper " 1996 

Brass " 1900 

Silver " 1S73 

Red heat visible by day, . . 1077 
Iron red hot in twilight, . . . SS4 

Common fire, 790 

Zinc melts 773 

Iron, bright red in dark,. . . 752 

Mercury boils 630 

Lead melts 612 

Linseed oil boils 600 

Bismuth melts 497 



Fahrenheit 
Beg. 

Cadmium 450 

Tin melts 442 

Tin and bismuth, equal 

parts, melts 283 

Tin 3 parts, bismuth 5 parts, 

lead 2 parts, melt 212 

Sodium 190 

Alcohol boils 174 

Potassium 136 

Ether " 98 

Human blood, (heat of,). . . 98 

Strong wines freeze 20 

Brandy freezes 7 

Mercury freezes — 31H 



SOUND 

is the effect produced upon the ear when air is set in motion 
within certain limits of rapidity. Audible sound begins when 
about thirty-two vibrations per second are made, and ceases 
when about 8000 vibrations per second are reached. 

The number of vibrations corresponding with the middle 
C of a musical instrument is 522 per second. An octave 
below, half the number ; an octave above, twice the number. 

Sound travels at the rate of 1100 feet per second in a still 
atmosphere. The distance in feet between an observer and 
the point where a stroke of lightening falls, may be known by 
multiplying 1100 by the number of seconds that elapse after 
the flash is seen until the sound is heard. 



A MESSIEURS LES INVENTEUES FRANCAIS. 

Les inventeurs francais non familiers avec la langue an- 
glaise et qui prefereraient nous communiquer leurs inven- 
tions en frangais, peuvent nous addresser dans leur langue 
natale. Envoyez nous un dessein et une description concise 
pour notre examen. Toutes communications seront rec^ies 
en confidence. Chaque personne, soit native ou etrangere, 
une seule exception, peut obtenir une patente dans les Etats 
Unis sous les memes conditions que les citoyens. On parle 
francais dans notre bureau. Munn & Co., 

37 Park Row, New- York, Scientific American Office. 



WHAT WILL PREVENT A PATENT. 



21 



OFFICIAL 



RULES AND DIRECTIONS 

FOR 

Proceedings in the Patent Office. 



[The following embrace the principal official rules under 
which the business at the Patent Office is now conducted.] 

What will prevent the granting of a Patent. 

Although an applicant may have actually made an inven- 
tion, a patent therefor will not be granted him if the whole 
or any part of what he claims as new has been patented, or 
described in any printed publication in this or any foreign 
country, or been invented or discovered in this country ; 
nor if he has onjce abandoned his invention to the public, or 
for more than two years consented and allowed it to be in 
public use or on sale. 

The mere fact of prior invention or discovery abroad will 
not prevent the issue of the patent, unless the invention has 
been there patented, or described in some printed publica- 
tion. 

Merely conceiving the idea of an improvement or machine 
in this country is not such an " invention" or " discovery" 
as is above contemplated. The invention must have been 
reduced to a practical form, either by the construction of 
the machine itself or of a model thereof, or at least by 
making a full drawing of it, or in some other manner equal- 
ly descriptive of its exact character, so that a mechanic 
would be enabled, from the description given, to construct 
a model thereof, before it will prevent a subsequent inventor 
from obtaining a patent. 



22 THE SPECIFICATION. 



The Specification. 

Two or more distinct inventions may not be claimed un- 
der one application for letters patent. No positive rules for 
guidance can be laid down on this point ; but in general, 
where there are several parts or elements of a machine, art, 
process, manufacture, or composition of matter, having no 
necessary or dependent connection with each other, and 
each susceptible of separate and distinct use or application, 
either by itself or in other connections, all set forth and 
claimed under one application for letters patent, the office 
requires the party to divide the application and confine the 
claim to whichever invention he may elect. 

Where a principle of operation or construction is invented 
or discovered, the party is allowed to claim the principle 
broadly, and one mode of carrying it into operation. 

The specification must be signed by the inventor, (or by 
his executor or administrator, if the inventor be dead.) It 
should describe the sections of the drawings, (where there 
are drawings,) and refer by letters and figures to the different 
parts. 

The oath may be taken (in this country) before any per- 
son authorized by law to administer oaths. 

The oath may be taken in a foreign country before any 
minister plenipotentiary, charge d'affaires, consul, or com- 
mercial agent, holding commission under the government of 
the United States, or before any notary public of the coun- 
try in which the oath is taken, being attested in all cases 
by the proper official seal of such notary. 

Drawings. 

The applicant for a patent is required by law to furnish 
duplicate drawings, where the nature of the case admits of 
drawings, the office reference copy of which must be signed 
by the applicant, and attested by two witnesses. These 
should be sent with the specification. The drawings must 
be neatly and artistically executed in fast colors, on one or 
more sheets separate from the specification, the size of the 
sheets to be twenty inches from top to bottom, and fifteen 
across, this being the size of the patent. One of these 



DRAWINGS EXAMINATION. 



23 



drawings, to be kept in the office for reference, must be on 
thick drawing-paper, sufficiently stiff to support itself up- 
right in the portfolios. Tracings upon cloth, pasted upon 
thick paper, will not be admitted. The other drawing, 
which is to be attached to the patent, must have a margin 
of one inch at least for that purpose on the right-hand side, 
and should be on tracing-muslin, which will bear folding 
and transportation, and not on paper. The drawings should 
generally be in perspective, with such detached sectional 
and plane views as to clearly show what is the invention, its 
construction and operation. All thick drawings should be 
colored and shaded, and when different materials are united 
in a machine, as steel and iron, or wood and metal, the dis- 
tinction should be indicated by different colors on the draw- 
ings. Each part must be distinguished by the same number 
or letter, wnenever that part is delineated in the drawings. 
Applicants are advised to employ competent artists to 
make the drawings, which will be returned if not executed 
in conformity with these rules. Thick drawings should 
never be folded for transmission. 

Of the Examination. 

All cases in the Patent Office are arranged in classes> 
which are taken up for examination in regular rotation ; 
those in the same class being examined and disposed of, as 
far as practicable, in the order in which the respective applica- 
tions are completed. When, however, the applicant has a 
foreign patent for his invention, or when such invention is 
deemed of peculiar importance to some branch of the pub- 
lic service, and when, for that reason, the head of some de- 
partment of the government specially requests immediate 
action, the case will be taken up out of its order. These, 
with applications for reissues, are the only exceptions to 
the rule above stated in relation to the order of examina- 
tion. 

All amendments of the model, drawings, or specification 
must relate to the subject-matter originally embraced in at 
least one of them at the time of the filing of the applica- 
tion. 

The personal attendance of the applicant at the Patent 



24 PROTESTS SECRET ARCHIVES. 



Office is unnecessary. The business can be done by corre- 
spondence or by attorney. 

When an application has been finally decided, the office 
will retain the original papers, furnishing the applicant 
copies — if he desires them — at the usual expense. 

When a patent is granted, it will be transmitted to the 
patentee, or to his agent having a full power of attorney 
authorizing him to receive it. 

Protests. 

The Patent Office cannot stay the regular proceedings on 
applications for letters patent in consequence of protests 
founded upon ex parte statements, or upon affidavits from 
parties claiming- to be aggrieved. 

Retaining Patents in the Secret Archives. 

An application upon which a patent has been allowed 
may, at the request of the applicant, or of his assignee, 
made before the patent has been recorded, be retained in 
the secret archives of the office for a period not exceeding 
six months from the date of the order to issue 

Of Appeals. 

After an application for a patent has been twice rejected 
by the examiner having it in charge, it may, at the option 
of the applicant, be brought before the board of examiners- 
in-chief. 

For this purpose a petition in writing must be filed, signed 
by the party or his authorized agent or attorney, setting 
forth in general terms that the said applicant believes the 
rejection of his application to have been improper. 

All cases which have been acted on by the board of ex- 
aminers-in-chief may be brought before the Commissioner 
in person, upon a written request to that effect, and upon j 
the payment of the fee required by law. A decision deli- | 
berately made and approved by one Commissioner will not 
be disturbed by his successor. 

[The official fee for an appeal from the Examiners-in- \ 
Chief to the Commissioner in person, is $20. A further ap- ! 



APPEALS INTERFERENCES. 



25 



peal may be taken from the decision of the Commissioner 
to the U. S. Court of the District of Columbia. Official fee, 
-s25. Munn & Co. have had much successful experience in 
conducting these appeals. Charges moderate.] 

The mode of appeal from the decision of the office to the 
Supreme Court of the District of Columbia is by giving 
written notice thereof to the Commissioner, filing in the 
Patent Office, within such time as the Commissioner shall 
appoint, reasons of appeal, and paying to him the sum of 
twenty-five dollars. 

Of Interferences* 

When each of two or more persons claims to be the first 
inventor of the same thing, an " interference" is declared 
between them, and a trial is had before the Commissioner. 
Xor does the fact that one of the parties has already ob- 
tained a patent prevent such an interference ; for, although 
the Commissioner has no power to cancel a patent already 
issued, he may, if he finds that another person was the prior 
inventor, give him also a patent, and thus place them on an 
equal footing before the courts and the public. 

When an application is found to conflict with a caveat, 
the caveator is allowed a period of three months within 
which to present an application, when an interference may 
be declared. 

In cases of interference, patentees have the same reme- 
dies by appeal as applicants in pending applications. 

In contested cases, whether of interference or of exten- 
sion, parties may have access to the testimony on file, prior 
to the hearing, in presence of the officer in charge ; or, 
when practicable, copies may be obtained by them at the 
usual charges. 

Upon the declaration of an interference, a day will be 
fixed for closing the testimony, and a further day fixed for 
the hearing of the cause. The arguments of counsel must 
be in the office on the day of hearing. 

If either party wishes a postponement, either of the day 
for closing the testimony or of the day of hearing, he must, 
before the day he thus seeks to postpone is past, show by 
affidavit a sufficient reason for such postponement. 



26 



RULES AS TO RE-ISSUES. 



When an interference has been declared between two or 
more parties, and testimony has been taken by either of 
them, it will not be dissolved to admit a subsequent appli- 
cant ; but when an interference is pending, and a new ap- 
plication claiming the invention in controversy comes into the 
Office before any ruling shall have been taken, the interfer- 
ence will be dissolved and a new one declared, which shall 
embrace all the claimants to the same invention. 

[The management of Interferences is one of the most im- 
portant duties in connection with Patent Office business. 
Our terms for attention to Interferences are moderate, and 
dependent upon the time required. Address all letters to 
Munn & Co., No. 37 Park Row, New-York.] 

Of Reissues. 

A reissue is granted to the 
original patentee, his heirs, 
or the assignees of the entire 
interest, when by reason of 
an insufficient or defective 
specification the original pat- 
ent is invalid, provided the 
error has arisen from inadvertence, accident, or mistake, 
without any fraudulent or deceptive intention. 

An assignee or assignees making application for a re- 
issue must own the entire interest in the patent, and must 
specify the date of the assignment. 

The general rule is, that whatever is really embraced in 
the original invention, and so described or shown that it 
might have been embraced in the original patent, may be 
the subject of a reissue. 

Reissued patents expire at the same time that the original 
patent would have done. For this reason, applications for 
reissue will be acted upon immediately after they are com- 
pleted. 

A patentee may, at his option, have in his reissue a sepa- 
rate patent for each distinct part of the invention compre- 
hended in his original application, by paying the required 
fee in each case, and complying with the other requirements 
of the law, as in original applications. 




EXPENSES, ETC., OF REISSUES. 27 

Each division of a reissue constitutes the subject of a 
separate specification descriptive of the part or parts of the 
invention claimed in such division ; and the drawing may 
represent only such part or parts. 

One or more divisions of a reissue may be granted, though 
other divisions shall have been postponed or rejected. 

In all cases of applications for reissues, the original claim 
is subject to reexamination, and may be revised and re- 
stricted in the same manner as in original applications. 

But in all such cases, after the action of the Patent Office 
has been made known to the applicant, if he prefers the 
patent originally granted to that which will be allowed by 
the decision of the Office, he has the privilege of abandon 
ing the latter and retaining the old patent. 

[The documents required for a Reissue are a Statement, 
Petition, Oath, Specification, Drawings. The official fee is 
$30. Our charge, in simple cases, is $25 for preparing and 
attending to the case. Total ordinary expense, $55. Re- 
issues may be applied for by the owners of the patent. 

By means of Reissue, a patent may sometimes be divided 
into several separate patents. Many of the most valuable 
patents have been several times reissued and subdivided. 
Where a patent is infringed and the claims are doubtful 
or defective, it is common to apply for a Reissue with new 
claims which shall specially meet the infringers. 

On making application for Reissue, the old or original 
patent must be surrendered to the Patent Office, in order 
that a new patent may be issued in its place. If the origin- 
al patent has been lost, a certified copy of the patent must 
be furnished, with affidavit as to the loss. To enable us 
to prepare a Reissue, the applicant should send to us the 
original patent, remit as stated, and give a clear statement 
of the points which he wishes to have corrected. We can 
then immediately proceed with the case. Address Munn & 
Co., 37 Park Row, New- York. We have had great expe- 
rience in obtaining Reissues.] 

Of Disclaimers. 
Where, by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, the original 
patent is too broad, a disclaimer may be filed either by the 
original patentee or by any of his assignees. 



28 EULES AS TO EXTENSIONS. 




Of Extensions. 

The applicant for an exten- 
sion must file his petition and 
pay in the requisite fee at least 
ninety days prior to the expi- 
ration of his patent. There is 
no power in the Patent Office 
to renew a patent after it has 
pnce expired. 

The questions which arise on 
each application for an exten- 
sion are : 

1. Is the invention novel ? 

2. Is it useful ? 

3. Is it valuable and important to the public ? 

4. Has the inventor been adequately remunerated for his 
time and expense in originating and perfecting it ? 

5. Has he used due diligence in introducing his invention 
into general use ? 

The first two questions will be determined upon the re- 
sult of an examination in the Patent Office ; as will also the 
third, to some extent. 

To enable the Commissioner to come to a correct conclu- 
sion in regard to the third point of inquiry, the applicant 
should, if possible, procure the testimony of persons disin- 
terested in the invention, which testimony should be taken 
under oath. 

In regard to the fourth and fifth points of inquiry, in ad- 
dition to his own oath showing his receipts and expendi- 
tures on account of the invention, by which its value is to 
be ascertained, the applicant should show, by the testimony 
of witnesses on oath, that he has taken all reasonable mea- 
sures to introduce his invention into general use ; and that, 
without default or neglect on his part, he has failed to ob- 
tain from the use and sale of the invention a reasonable re- 
muneration for the time, ingenuity, and expense bestowed 
on the same, and the introduction thereof into use. 

In case of opposition by any person to the extension of 
a patent, both parties may take testimony, each giving rea- 



FOREIGN PATENTS ASSIGNMENTS. 



29 



sonable notice to the other of the time and place of taking 
said testimony, which shall be taken according to the rules 
prescribed by the Commissioner of Patents in cases of in- 
terference. 

All arguments submitted must be in writing. 

[Note. — Only patents issued prior to March 4, 1861, 
can be extended. 

Many valuable patents are annually expiring which might 
readily be extended, and, if extended, might prove the 
source of wealth to their fortunate possessors. 

All the documents connected with extensions require to 
be carefully drawn up and attended to, as any failure, dis- 
crepancy, or untruth in the proceedings or papers is liable 
to defeat the application. 

In case of the decease of the inventor, his administrator 
may apply for and receive the extension ; but no extension 
can be applied for or granted to an assignee of an inventor. 
Parties desiring extensions will address Munn & Co., 37 
Park Row, N. Y.] 

Of Foreign Patents. 

The taking out of a patent in a foreign country does not 
prejudice a patent previously obtained here ; nor does it pre- 
vent obtaining a patent here subsequently. 

When the patent is granted here, after being obtained 
abroad, it will extend only seventeen years from the date 
of the foreign patent. 

Of Assignments and Grants. 

The assignee of any invention may have the patent issue 
to him directly ; but this is held to apply only to assignees 
of entire interests. 

Although when the inventor assigns his entire interest to 
two or more, a patent will issue to them jointly, still, if he 
yet retain a portion in himself, a joint patent will not be is- 
sued to him and them ; the inventor, however, may make 
himself an assignee of a part interest of his invention. 

An inventor can assign his entire right before a patent is 
obtained, so as to enable the assignee to take out a patent 
in his own name ; but the assignment must first be recorded 
and the specification sworn to by the inventor. 



30 FORM FOR ASSIGNMENTS. 

After a patent is obtained, the patentee may grant the 
right to make or use the thing patented in any specified 
portion of the United States. 

Every assignment or grant should be recorded within 
three months from its date ; but if recorded after that time, 
it will protect the assignee or grantee against any one pur- 
chasing after the assignment or grant is placed on record. 

When the patent is to issue in the name of the assignee, 
the entire correspondence should be in his name. 

The receipt of assignments is not generally acknowledged 
by the office. They will be recorded in their turn within a 
few days after their reception, and then transmitted to per- 
sons entitled to them. A five-cent stamp, cancelled, is re- 
quired on every assignment, and on every oath and every 
certificate attached thereto. 



Form of Assignment of the entire Interest in Letters Patent be- 
fore obtaining the same^ and to be recorded preparatory 
thereto. 

Whereas I, Jethro Wood, of Scipio, in the county of 
Cayuga, and State of New- York, have invented certain new 
and useful improvements in ploughs, for which I am about 
to make application for letters patent of the United States ; 
and whereas David Peacock, of Burlington, New-Jersey, 
has agreed to purchase from me all the right, title, and in- 
terest which I have, or may have, in and to the said inven- 
tion, in consequence of the grant of letters patent therefor, 
and has paid to me, the said Wood, the sum of five thou- 
sand dollars, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged : 
Now this indenture witnesseth, that, for and in considera- 
tion of the said sum to me paid, I have assigned and trans- 
ferred, and do hereby assign and transfer, to the said David 
Peacock, the full and exclusive right to all the improve- 
ments made by me, as fully set forth and described in the 
specification which I have prepared and executed prepara- 
tory to the obtaining of letters patent therefor. And I do 
hereby authorize and request the Commissioner of Patents 
to issue the said letters patent to the said David Peacock, 
as the assignee of my whole right and title thereto, for the 



PART-INTEREST ASSIGNMENT. 31 



sole use and behoof of the said David Peacock and his legal 
representatives. 

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and 
affixed my seal this 16th day of February, 1856. 

Jethro Wood, [seal.] 
Sealed and delivered in presence of — 
George Clymer, 
David Rittenhouse. 



Form of a Grant of a Partial Eight in a Patent. 

Whereas I, Jethro Wood, of Scipio, in the county of 
Cayuga, and State of New- York, did obtain letters patent 
of the United States for certain improvements in ploughs, 
which letters patent bear date the 1st day of March, 1855 ; 
and whereas David Peacock, of Burlington, New-Jersey, is 
desirous of acquiring an interest therein : Now this indent- 
ure witnesseth, that for and in consideration of the sum of 
two thousand dollars, to me in hand paid, the receipt of 
which is hereby acknowledged, I have granted, sold, and set 
over, and do hereby grant, sell, and set over, unto the said 
David Peacock, all the right, title, and interest which I have 
in the said invention, as secured to me by said letters pat- 
ent, for, to, and in the several States of New- York, New- 
Jersey, and Pennsylvania, and in no other place or places ; 
the same to be held and enjoyed by the said David Peacock, 
for his own use and behoof, and for the use and behoof of 
his legal representatives, to the full end of the term for 
which said letters patent are granted, (if it is intended to 
grant for any extended term, then add — and for the term 
of any extension thereof,) as fully and entirely as the same 
would have been held and enjoyed by me had this grant 
and sale not been made. 

In testimony whereof, I hereunto set my hand and affix 
my seal this sixteenth day of February, 1856. 

Jethro Wood. [seal.] 

Sealed and delivered in presence of — 
Jacob Perkins, 
Benjamin Franklin. 



3 2 REVENUE-STAMPS — CORRESPONDENCE. 

[Records of the title or ownership in patents are kept at 
Washington. Persons who wish to have searches made 
should address Munn & Co., 37 Park Kow. See " Other 
Information," page 7.] 

Stamps. 

Revenue stamps must be attached as follows : 

A stamp of the value of fifty cents is required upon each 
power of attorney authorizing an attorney or agent to 
transact business with this office relative to an application 
for a patent. 

No assignment directing a patent to issue to an assignee 
or assignees will be recognized by the Patent Office unless 
every sheet or piece of paper upon which such an assign- 
ment shall be written shall have affixed thereto a stamp of 
the value of five cents. 

A stamp of the value of five cents is required upon each 
certificate of a magistrate. 

Rules of Correspondence. 

All correspondence must be in the name of the Commis- 
sioner of Patents ; and all letters and other communica- 
tions intended for the office must be addressed to him. If 
addressed to any of the other officers, they will not be no- 
ticed, unless it should be seen that the mistake was owing 
to inadvertence. A separate letter should in every case be 
written in relation to each distinct subject of inquiry or ap- 
plication, the subject of the invention and the date of filing 
being always carefully noted. 

When an agent has filed his power of attorney, duly exe- 
cuted, the correspondence will, in ordinary cases, be held 
with him only. A double correspondence with him and his 
principal, if generally allowed, would largely enhance the 
labor of the office. For the same reason, the assignee of 
the entire interest in an invention is alone entitled to hold 
correspondence with the Office, to the exclusion of the in- 
ventor. If the principal becomes dissatisfied, he must re- 
voke his power of attorney, and notify the Office, which 
will then communicate with him. 



PREPARING PAPERS GIVING INFORMATION. 33 

Of tJie Filing and Preservation of Papers. 

All claims and specifications filed in the office (including 
amendments) must be written in a fair, legible hand, with- 
out interlineations or erasures, except such as are clearly 
stated in a marginal or foot-note written on the same sheet 
of paper ; or, failing in which, the office may require them 
to be printed. 

All papers filed in the office will be regarded as perma- 
nent records of the office, and must never, on any account, 
be changed, further than to correct mere clerical mistakes. 

Of giving or withholding Information. 

Aside from the caveats, which are required by law to be 
kept secret, all pending applications are, as far as practica- 
ble, preserved in like secrecy. No information will there- 
fore be given those inquiring whether any particular case is 
before the office, or whether any particular person has ap- 
plied for a patent. 

But if a party whose application has been rejected allows 
the matter to rest for two years without taking any further 
steps therein, he will be regarded as having abandoned his 
application, so far at least that it will no longer be protect- 
ed by any rule of secrecy. The specification, drawings, and 
model will then be subject to inspection in the same manner 
as those of patented or withdrawn applications. 

Information in relation to pending cases is given so far as 
it becomes necessary in conducting the business of the Of- 
fice, but no further. Thus, when an interference is declared 
between two pending applications, each of the contestants 
is entitled to a knowledge of so much of his antagonist's 
case as to enable him to conduct his own understandingly. 

Where the rejection of an application is founded upon 
another case previously rejected, but not withdrawn or 
abandoned, the rejected applicant will be furnished with all 
information in relation to the previously rejected case which 
is necessary for the proper understanding and management 
of his own. 

When an applicant claims a certain device, and the same 
device is found described but not claimed in another pending 
application which was previously filed, information of the 



34 CLAIMS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

filing of such second application is always given to the 
prior applicant, with a suggestion that if he desires to claim 
a patent for that device, he should forthwith modify his 
specification accordingly. 

But where the application, which thus describes a device 
without claiming it, is suosequent in date to that wherein 
such device is claimed, the general rule is, that no notice 
of the claim in the previous application is given to the sub- 
sequent applicant. But where there are any special rea- 
sons to doubt whether the prior applicant is really the in- 
ventor of the device claimed, or where there are any other 
peculiar and sufficient reasons for departing from the rule 
above stated, the Office reserves to itself the right of so 
doing without its being regarded as a departure from the 
established rule. 

The Office cannot respond to inquiries as to the novelty 
of an alleged invention, in advance of an application for a 
patent, nor to inquiries founded upon brief and imperfect 
descriptions propounded with a view of ascertaining whether 
such alleged improvements have been patented, and if so, to 
whom ; nor can it act as an expounder of the patent law, 
nor as counsellor for individuals. 



ftW' The reader will bear in mind that the foregoing are 
the official rules for doing business at the Patent Office. 

Inquiries as to the novelty of inventions may be address- 
ed to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, N. Y. See pages 5 and 6. 



Base all your actions upon a principle of right ; preserve 
your integrity of character, and in doing this never reckon 
on the cost. 



The world estimates men by their success in life, and, by 
general consent, success is evidence of superiority. 



Arsenic volatilizes before it fuses, and antimony melts a 
little below redness. Professor Draper thinks he has shown 
that all substances become red at the same point — 1006 de- 
grees Fahrenheit. 




MODELS TRACING PAPER. 



35 



MODELS. 

It is always better for in- 
ventors to have their models 
constructed under their own 
supervision, even at an in- 
creased cost in money or time. 
During the making of the mod- 
el, the inventor often perceives 
points where important changes 
can be made, or where the in- 
vention may be rendered more 
perfect than was at first con- 
templated. But in some instances, owing to residence in 
distant parts or other causes, it is impossible for the invent- 
or to furnish a model. In such cases, we (Munn & Co.) can 
have proper models built by experienced and trusty makers, 
at moderate charges. 



TRACING PAPER. 

Open a quire of double crown tissue-paper, and brush the 
first sheet with a mixture of mastic varnish and oil of tur- 
pentine, equal parts ; proceed with each sheet similarly, and 
dry them on lines by hanging them up singly. As the pro- 
cess goes on, the under sheets absorb a portion of the var- 
nish, and require less than if single sheets were brushed 
separately. The inventor of this varnish for tracing-paper 
received a medal and premium from the Royal Society. It 
leaves the paper quite light and transparent, it may readily 
be written on, and drawings traced with a pen are perma- 
nently visible. Used by learners to draw out lines. The 
paper is placed on the drawing, which is clearly seen, and 
an outline is made, taking care to hold the tracing-paper 
steady. In this way, elaborate drawings are easily copied. 



Alcohol has more than double the expansive force of 
water of the same temperature. The steam of alcohol at 
174° is equal to that of water at 212°. When proper 
means can be invented for saving the fluid from being lost, 
it is supposed that alcohol can be employed with advantage 
as the moving power for engines. 



36 



VOICE OF THE PEOPLE. 




VOICE OF THE PEOPLE. 

We might fill several volumes with flat- 
tering testimonials from all parts of the 
world, certifying to the great value of The 
Scientific American, but the limits of this 
little book only permit us to make a few 
selections. Read the following : 

Messrs. Editors : Since I had the plea- 
sure of receiving the back numbers of your 
interesting and instructive journal, I have 
shown specimens to several influential man- 
ufacturers and intelligent mechanics in this 
vicinity. One man told me that he had 
twice obtained five dollars for a single re- 
cipe that he copied out of The Scientific 
American, which he has taken regularly for 
several years ; and I presume this is not an isolated case, 
by many hundreds. It is just such journals as yours that 
are annually condensed into encyclopedias, the compilers of 
which roughly scoop off the cream of all the new discover- 
ies in science and art that have been recorded in the col- 
umns of various periodicals during the year ; but the facts 
set forth in such annual works are often so mutilated or dis- 
torted in the condensation, and so meagre in outline, as to 
be practically of no value. Every mechanic and farmer in 
the land should subscribe for The Scientific American, 
not only for his own benefit, but also that of his children ; 
he may have a Franklin or a Fulton, a West or a Watt, in 
that little marble-player whom he pets in his leisure hours ; 
and the natural bias of the child's mind toward mechanical 
or agricultural pursuits requires to be confirmed or further 
developed by intellectual nourishment of such a quality and 
quantity as can be derived only from a journal like your 
own. 



Never make money at the expense of your reputation. 
Say but little — think much and do more. 
Avoid borrowing and lending. 



THE CONDENSING ENGINE. 



37 



THE STEAM-ENGINE. 

Every mechanic and inventor should make himself gen- 
erally familiar with the construction and operation of the 
steam-engine. To assist them in gaining this knowledge, 
we subjoin for reference a diagram of the common Con- 
densing Engine, with letters of reference to the names of 
the various parts : 




VW///////M/, { 



a, steam cylinder ; 6, piston ; c, upper steam port or pas- 
sage ; c?, lower steam port ; e e y parallel motion ; //, beam ; 
g, connecting rod ; A, crank ; i i y fly-wheel ; k &, eccentric 
and its rod for working the steam-valve ; l y steam- valve and 
casing ; m, throttle-valve ; n y condenser ; o, injection-cock ; 
p, air-pump ; q, hot well ; r, shifting-valve to create vacuum 
in condenser previous to starting the engine ; s, feed-pump 
to supply boilers ; t y cold-water pump to supply condenser ; 
u, governor. A study of the above diagram and descrip- 
tion, in connection with attentive observation of engines in 
motion, will be of much assistance in acquiring a general 
understanding of the machine. We recommend the follow- 



38 



HIISTTS TO LETTER-WRITERS. 

I 



ing standard works for careful study by all who desire to 
become thoroughly posted : Bourne's Catechism of the 
Steam-Engine, Main & Brown's Marine Steam-Engine. 

[From The Scientific American.] 

A HINT TO LETTER- WRITING BORES. 

E consider, as a general thing, that our 
correspondents are a fair and high-minded 
set of men, such as we are most happy to 
accommodate by answering, so far as it is 
in our power, all their inquiries ; but there 
are a few of whom we can very justly com- 
plain. They put to us all sorts of ques- 
tions, to answer which might require a 
half-day of our valuable time ; and if we 
snub them off with a short answer, they are 
likely to reply back in complaining terms. 
It cannot be reasonably expected of us, 
that we shall spend our time in such — to 
us — profitless letter- writing. We mean to be accommo- 
dating, but cannot consent to waste all our time in getting 
information for correspondents who seem not to know how 
to appreciate either our forbearance or the value of our 
time. As an example of what we mean, we have a case 
before us. A correspondent wants us to hunt through our 
files for a notice of some book which appeared in The 
Scientific American some years ago, and to help him to 
find the book. He also wants us to find for him an English 
book which we do not believe can be had in this market. 
Another correspondent wants us to send to England without 
delay to get something which would require time and money 
to procure for him, but in regard to which he don't even 
inclose a three-cent stamp to pre-pay our letter. Another 
incloses three cents, and wants a calculation made which 
would cost us two hours' hard study. It is well enough for 
such correspondents to know that our time is worth to us 
more than a cent and a half per hour. Treat us fairly, and 
you will have no cause of complaint. 




VOICE OF THE PRESS. 



39 




VOICE OF THE PRESS. 

In examining the pages of 
our journal, we find them 
so covered with brilliant 
gems of commendation 
that it is difficult to select 
one which is more spark- 
ling than another. We 
therefore take the follow- 
ing at random : 

" The distinction achiev- 
ed by the world-renowned 
firm of Munn & Co., as Solicitors of Patents, is alike deserved 
and commanding — deserved, because they have spared no 
effort nor expense since they entered upon their responsible 
vocation — commanding, because it is a distinction supported 
and upheld by all the scientific appliances within the reach 
of modern enterprise, and carries along with it a prestige 
which we in vain look for in the history of any similar firm. 
To the scores of inventors who are to be met with in this 
State — and especially to those among them whose diffidence 
may have hitherto restrained them from giving their dis- 
coveries to the world — we would say, by all means consult 
the firm of Messrs. Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New-York, 
confident, as we feel, that by so doing (should your inven- 
tions possess merit) you will not only put yourself in the 
way of securing a patent for the same, but at the same time 
reap the satisfaction of knowing that you have committed 
your claims to hands emphatically qualified successfully to 
carry them out. We have deemed it a duty, in this mode, 
to ' say our say' in regard to an Agency which, while, we 
trust, it has been able to make its highly important busi- 
ness pay, has, at the same time, nobly upheld the true prin- 
ciples of scientific investigation, scorning to make the latter 
in the least degree subservient to merely pecuniary consid- 
erations." — Rahway (N. J.) Times and Register, 



A cubic foot of air weighs 523 grains — a little more than 
an ounce. A cubic foot of water weighs 1000 ounces. 



40 



IMPORTANCE OF FOREIGN PATENTS. 




POBEIGN PATENTS. 

American Inventors 
should bear in mind that, as 
a general rule, any invention 
which is valuable to the pat- 
entee in this country, is worth 
equally as much in England 
and some other foreign coun- 
tries. Four patents — Amer- 
ican, English, French, and 
Belgian — will secure an in- 
ventor exclusive monopoly 
to his discovery among one 
hundred millions of the most 
intelligent people in the 
w r orld. The facilities of busi- 
ness and steam communication are such, that patents can 
be obtained abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at 
home. 

Models are not required in any European country, but 
the utmost care and experience is necessary in the prepara- 
tion of the specifications and drawings. A variety of small 
tax duties and other fees must be paid ; many official for- 
malities are also to be observed in obtaining foreign patents. 
It is therefore important that the applicant should place his 
business in the hands of established and reliable agents. 

For the past twenty years, the majority of all patents 
taken out by Americans in foreign countries have been ob- 
tained through Munn & Co.'s Scientific American Patent 
Agency, and nearly all of this foreign patent business is 
still done by us. Our experience and success in this branch 
is very great. 

The following summary will give a general idea of the 
expenses and duration of European Patents : 

Great Britain. — Patents are granted for fourteen years 
to any person who is the inventor or the first importer. If 
a patent has been previously obtained in any other country, 
the British patent expires with it. The British patent ex- 
tends over Great Britain and Ireland, but does not include 



COSTS OF FOREIGN" PATENTS. 41 

the Colonies. Separate patents are issued by the Colonies. 
The cost of a British patent is generally about $350, of 
which $100, for Provisional Protection, are payable at the 
time of making application, and the remainder in four 
months. Three years from the date of the patent a further 
sum of £50 must be paid, and a final sum of £100 at the 
end of seven years. 

British Patents for designs, having reference to articles 
of utility, intended to protect the shape or configuration of 
the article, are granted for three years ; expense, $100. 

France. — Term of the patent, fifteen years. Annual fees, 
$20. Total expenses of obtaining, about $150. 

Belgium. — Term of the patent, twenty years. Small an- 
nual fees. Expense of obtaining, about $150. 

EXPENSE OF FOREIGN PATENTS INCLUSIVE OF ALL FEES. 

Austria, $250 

Bavaria, 150 

Belgium, 150 

Cuba, 450 

France, 150 

Great Britain, 350 

India, 400 

Italy, 250 



Netherlands, $150 

Portugal, 250 

Prussia, 200 

Russia, 550 

Saxony, 250 

Spain, 400 

Sweden and Norway,... .... 600 



Parties intending to secure patents abroad will please ad- 
dress Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New- York, and obtain 
their pamphlet (free) relating exclusively to Foreign Pat- 
ents. 

Caution. — Pay no attention to the solicitations of foreign 
agents of unknown responsibility, w r ho send circulars to 
parties whose names they copy from the patent lists of The 
Scientific American. 



Clear, dry, cold air contains more oxygen, is more brac- 
ing to the human system, and is heavier than moist air. 
People are accustomed to say that the air on damp days 
feels heavy ; but the truth is, the air is lighter, and there- 
fore the blood is less oxydized, and the feelings conse- 
quently depressed. 



42 



HOW TO SELL PATENTS. 



HOW TO SELL PATENTS. 




In the prefatory portion of this lit- 
tle work, we have presented hints 
upon the general success of invent- 
ors, and the great value of even the 
simplest inventions. But it must not 
be supposed, because a patent is 
granted, that the world will run after 
an unknown man to buy from him an 
unknown patent. In order to sell a 
patent, judicious effort is required on 
the part of the inventor or his agent. 
Indeed, his final success will depend, 
to a considerable extent, upon his 
business tact and energy. He should 
make himself thoroughly conversant 
with the merits of his invention, and 
should prepare specimens or model machines thereof, made 
in the most perfect manner, so as readily to exhibit the op- 
erations of the improvement to others. 

After obtaining a patent, the first grand requisite in ef- 
fecting its sale is to make the merits and importance of the 
improvement publicly known. This may be done in various 
ways : by advertisements in newspapers, by cards, circulars, 
pamphlets, etc., by local and travelling agents. Some per- 
sons appoint agents in each town or county, giving them a 
liberal portion of the net proceeds for the sale of rights, or 
a handsome per cent upon the receipts for machines sold. 
In estimating the value of patent rights for different States, 
counties, etc., one very common method is to fix the price 
with reference to the amount of population. 

One of the most comprehensive and powerful methods 
of bringing the merits of an invention before the public, is 
to have it noticed and engraved in The Scientific Ameri- 
can. This paper, published weekly, has a large circulation. 
It is seen by probably not less than one or two hundred 
thousand readers, who comprise all of the most intelligent 
persons of scientific and mechanical acquirements in the 
country. The fact of publication in The Scientific Amer- 



HOW TO SELL PATENTS. 43 

ican is a passport to their attention and favor. It is upon 
the judgment and advice of scientific and mechanical per- 
sons that the purchasers of patent rights and new inven- 
tions are apt to rely. " Yes, that is a good invention. It 
has been well illustrated in The Scientific American, and 
I fully understand its construction. I advise you to pur- 
chase the right." We suppose that more patents are sold 
upon such advice than by all other agencies and means put 
together. 

To assist the sale, it is always advisable to have the pat- 
ent taken out through the Scientific American Agency. 
The study necessary to the preparation of the specification 
and drawings familiarizes our minds with the merits of the 
invention, and as all worthy inventions patented by us are 
noticed in The Scientific American, we are enabled to 
speak of them with some degree of authority. 

We keep artists constantly employed in preparing en- 
gravings for The Scientific American. All our engravings 
are original. We never print old cuts. Parties who desire 
to have engravings inserted in The Scientific American 
will please address Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New- York. 
After publication, the engravings will be returned to the 
owner, who can then use them for other papers, circulars, 
etc. 



AGENTS TO SELL. 

We are often asked to give the names of parties who 
make it a business to sell patents. We are rarely enabled 
to do so. Such concerns are generally quite fugitive in 
their character. An office is opened, signs displayed, a few 
customers engaged, and then suddenly the shop is closed. 
The truth is, that the profit upon the sales of a single good 
patent is equivalent to a fortune, and the business it fur- 
nishes is enough to fully engage the attention of many per- 
sons. Our advice to patentees is : Take hold of the busi- 
ness of selling yourselves. If you want assistance, search 
for agents among your friends, and interest them specially 
in your invention. 



44 



INCOME FROM PATENTS. 



KOYALTY. 

One very profitable source of income from patents is roy- 
alty. This, in effect, involves a sort of contract between a 
patentee and a manufacturer, by which the latter, in consid- 
eration of license to make the thing, agrees to pay to the j 
patentee a specified sum upon each article when sold. The j 
patentee of the chimney-spring, now so commonly used to j 
fasten chimneys upon lamps, was accustomed to grant li- 
censes to manufacturers on receiving a royalty of a few 
cents per dozen. His income was at one time reported to 
be fifty thousand dollars a year from this source. Howe, 
the inventor of the sewing-machine, is said to receive a 
royalty of from five to ten dollars on each machine, and his 
annual income has been estimated at five hundred thousand 
dollars. We might give many examples of success. The 
license and royalty plan is oftentimes the most profitable 
method of employing patents. 




A Circle is the most capacious 
of all plain figures, or. contains the 
greatest area within the same out- 
line or perimeter. 

To find the circumference of a 
circle, multiply the diameter by 
3.1416, and the product will be the 
circumference. 

To find the diameter of a circle, 
divide the circumference by 3.1416, 
and the quotient will be the diam- 



eter. 



Any circle whose diameter is double that of another, con- 
tains four times the area of the other. 



Some employers think themselves entitled to the owner- 
ship of all inventions made by their workmen. But this is 
not so. Employers have no claim to the inventions of their 
workmen unless it can be shown that the latter was special- 
ly employed to bring out such inventions. 



VALUE OF PATENTS. 



45 




[From The Scientific American.] 
PATENTS ON SMALL THINGS. 

An English firm has lately pat- 
ented a peculiar shape for candle- 
ends. By making them conical, or 
tapering, they will fit any candle- 
stick without being papered or tin- 
kered up in other ways. Now, a 
very small royalty on each pound 
of candles will give a large annual 
revenue to the inventors, and the 
pecuniary value of their idea is 
seen at once. Similar instances 
might be given from cases at home, 
where inventors have originated 
some simple article in daily use and secured it, they have 
received large rewards. "-Despise not the day of small 
things," says the proverb, and we may say, in addition, de- 
ride no idea as useless that tends to advance the arts and 
sciences, merely because it seems simple. 

A very great misconception prevails in the minds of 
many persons in respect to patents. They are regarded 
chiefly as stepping-stones to fame or passports to future no- 
toriety. This is a huge delusion. An invention is first 
and principally an investment, just as an artist's picture, al- 
though an inspiration, is a commercial venture. The glory 
and renown attaching to either picture or invention is the 
afterpart, the dessert to the solid feast on dollars and cents. 
The natural result of the mistake alluded to is to lead per- 
sons to underrate the value of their ideas. It is not at all 
uncommon to hear individuals exclaim, " What ! get a pat- 
ent on that thing !" in alluding to some little affair that can 
be carried in the pocket. That very despised " thing" will 
doubtless be the foundation of a good fortune, as many a 
similar article has been before it. 

The improvement in some art or manufacture suggests 
itself to an individual, and he straightway applies it to his 
own use with very great advantage. Now, what shall he 
do ? Patent it and secure the fruit of his genius to him- 



46 CONDUCTING POWER OF METALS. 

self, or give it to the world without price ? The business 
man would say the former ; because if notoriety be the ob- 
ject, great patents confer not only means, but distinction, 
and where the first is attained, the second follows. 



[From The Scientific American.] 
A SPARKLING VANE. 




A very curious and elegant vane for buildings may be 
made by placing in the centre a spiral or twisted spindle, as 
shown in the above cut. This spindle should be hung on 
delicate pivots, and the spaces between the spiral flanches 
nearly covered with small pieces of looking-glass or thin 
pieces of mica. The least breeze will put it in motion, and 
as the reflectors will assume every possible position, several 
of them will be sure to present the reflection of the sun at 
every revolution, from whatever point it may be viewed, 
thus producing a constant and very brilliant sparkling. 



ELECTRICAL CONDUCTING POWER OF 
METALS. 

The effect of the electrical discharge on metallic bodies 
is to raise their temperature to a less or greater degree, ac- 
cording to their conducting power. The best conductors 
are silver and copper ; the poorest, lead ; as will be seen 
from the subjoined table : 

Heat evolved. Conducting Power. 

Silver, 6 120 

Copper, 6 120 

Gold, 9 80 

Zinc 18 40 

Platinum, 30 24 

Iron, 30 24 

Tin, 36 20 

Lead, 72 12 



THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION. 



47 



[From The Scientific American.] 

IMPORTANT TO INVENTORS. 

The United States Patent Office at Washington contains 
nearly 50,000 models pertaining to patented inventions, all 
of which are open to public inspection and examination, 
together with the drawings and specifications relating there- 
to. But the distance of the Capital and the time and ex- 
pense involved in a journey thither deter, in fact, the 
majority of inventors from reaping the advantages which a 
personal examination of previously patented inventions 
might oftentimes give them. To obviate this difficulty we 
(Munn & Co.) are in the habit of making these examinations 
at the Patent Office for inventors. When it is desired to 
ascertain definitely whether an invention, believed to be 
new, has been previously made, or to what extent, if any, 
it has been anticipated, the applicant sends to us a rough 
sketch and description of the device. We then make a 
thorough examination in the Patent Office at Washington, 
and report the result to the applicant. The charge for this 
service is only §5, and it is frequently the means of saving 
the applicant the entire expense of preparing a model, pay- 
ing Government fees, etc., by revealing the fact that the 
whole or material portion of his improvement was previous- 
ly known. This preliminary examination is sometimes also 
of importance in assisting to properly prepare the papers, 
so as to avoid conflicting with other inventions in the same 
class. The reader should carefully note the distinction 
made between this preliminary examination at the Patent 
Office and the examination and opinion given at our office, 
either orally or by letter, for which no fee is expected. It 
is only when a special search is made at the Patent Office 
that the fee of $5 is required. We are able, in a vast num- 
ber of cases submitted to us, to decide the question of pa- 
tentability without this special search. See page 6 of this 
little work. 



When the air is exhausted from a pump-tube, (usually 
done by means of a piston,) the pressure of the atmosphere 
will cause the water to rise in the tube to a height of thirty 
feet. 



48 VALUE OP THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. 




" The Scientific American. — We are sure 
that if a few words of seasonable commend- 
ation should induce any of 



should induce any of that large class 
of intelligent readers who can appreciate true 
merit, to subscribe for this excellent publi- 
cation, we shall be abundantly rewarded in 
the conviction of having earned their grati- 
tude. It is only recently that we have looked 
into its columns with any degree of regular- 
ity, and we take an early opportunity to ex- 
press the extreme satisfaction and interest 
which we have experienced in doing so. To condense our 
idea of its most valuable characteristic into one sentence, we 
consider The Scientific American as embodying the high- 
est function of all science, namely, its application to the 
practical, every-day concerns of life, in clear, pure, agree- 
able language. It will prove a pleasant guest and a use- 
ful companion at any fireside it may enter." — Watchman, 
Greenport, L. I. 

The Scientific American ought to be taken, read, and 
studied by every intelligent man, young or old, worker or 
idler, rich or poor, in the country. It commends itself to 
every one, and is useful and interesting to all. The most 
scientific may learn from it, and the unscientific understand 
it. It has a peculiar charm about it that interests and af- 
fects every person with a grain of sense in his head. We 
are in the habit of sending our copy, after a thorough pe- 
rusal, to the army, and the friend who receives it writes us, 
that he likes it better than any other paper; that it is long- 
ingly waited for, and eagerly read by his comrades, and 
never ceases its circulation until so bethumbed that its col- 
umns are no longer readable. — Westchester County Journal. 



Remember that, by subscribing to The Scientific Ameri- 
can, you receive, in the course of the year, an amount of 
reading matter nearly equal to four thousand ordinary book 
pages. 



The light of lightning 
from 150 to 200 miles. 



and its reflections, will penetrate 



HOW TO COMPUTE HORSE-POWER. 49 



HORSE-POWER. 

When "Watt began to introduce his steam-engines he 
wished to be able to state their power as compared with 
that of horses, which were then generally employed for 
driving mills. He accordingly made a series of experiments, 
which led him to the conclusion that the average power of 
a horse was sufficient to raise about 33,000 lbs. one foot in 
vertical height per minute, and this has been adopted in 
England and this country as the general measure of power. 

A waterfall has one horse-power for every 33,000 lbs. of 
water flowing in the stream per minute, for each foot of 
fall. To compute the power of a stream, therefore, multi- 
ply the area of its cross section in feet by the velocity in 
feet per minute, and we have the number of cubic feet flow- 
ing along the stream per minute. Multiply this by 62£, 
the number of pounds in a cubic foot of water, and this by 
the vertical fall in feet, and we have the foot-pounds per 
minute of the fall ; dividing by 33,000 gives us the horse- 
power. 

For example : A stream flows through a flume 10 feet 
wide, and the depth of the water is 4 feet ; the area of the 
cross section will be 40 feet. The velocity is 150 feet per 
minute — 40X150=6000=the cubic feet of water flowing 
per minute. 6000X62|-=:3'75,000=:the pounds of water 
flowing per minute. The fall is 10 feet; 10X375,000= 
3,750,000=the foot-pounds of the water-fall. Divide 3,750,- 
000 by 33,000, and we have 113f^ as the horse-power of 
the fall. 

The power of a steam-engine is calculated by multiplying 
together the area of the piston in inches, the mean pressure 
in pounds per square inch, the length of the stroke in feet, 
and the number of strokes per minute; and dividing bv 
33,000. 

Water-wheels yield from 50 to 91 per cent of the water. 
The actual power of a steam-engine is less than the indicat- 
ed power, owing to a loss from friction ; the amount of this 
loss varies with the arrangement of the engine and the per- 
fection of the workmanship. 



50 



HEAT-CONDUCTING POWER OF BODIES. 



ZUR BEACHTUN& FUR DEUTSCHE ER- 
FINDER. 




2)ie Untergetdfjneten baben cine 
2Mettung berausgegeben, roelc^e 
angiebt rea§ JU befolgen ift urn ein 
patent gu ftd?em, unb felbtge roirb 
auf £ortofreie Infrage gratis abge* 
geben. 

9cad) bem ueuen ^atent*©efe£e 
femien burger alter Sanber, mit 
einer einjigen 5Iu3nabme, $atente 
in ben Serettttgteri (Staatcn gu ben* 
felben 23ebingungen ertangen, roie 
bie SBitrger ber SSereuugten^taaten 
fetbft. 

3Rutm SS <£o„ 

Ho. 37 park Horn, ttnu-ljork. 
Scientific American Office. 



SOMETHING TO BE REMEMBERED. 

American Patents, granted to foreigners, become invalid, 
if the patent is not put and continued on sale, on reasonable 
terms, within eighteen months from the date of the patent. 
Law of 1836, section 15, page 61. 



HEAT-CONDUCTING POWER OF DIFFER- 
ENT BODIES. 



Gold, 1000 

Platinum, 9S1 

Silver, 973 

Copper, 89S 

Iron, 374 

Zinc, 363 



Tin, 3^4 

Lead, ISO 

Marble, 24 

Porcelain, 12 { 

Fire Clav, 11 

Fire Brick, 11 



RELATIVE CONDUCTING POWER OF 
FLUIDS. 

Mercury, 1000 I Proof Spirit, 

Water, 357 | Alcohol, (pure,) 



312 



IMPORTANCE OF CHEMICAL INVENTIONS. 51 

[From the Scientific American.] 

FIELD FOR CHEMICAL INVENTION. 

• 
Less than five per cent of all the patents issued are for 
chemical inventions. The first impression which this fact 
leaves is that the chemists are not so wide awake as the 
mechanics. And it seems, too, as if the chemists have the 
best chance, for they have the range of all the combina- 
tions, almost infinite in number, of all the sixty or more 
simple substances or elements, while the mechanic is limited 
in all his inventions to the use of only five mechanical ele- 
ments. But this course of reasoning is a little unfair for 
the chemist, if we wish to determine his real merit as a 
benefactor of mankind. Thus far the introduction of new 
substances has been too slow and too much the result of 
chance. Illuminating gas was known as a chemical product 
for centuries before any use of it was made ; iodine, chromine, 
chloroform, aniline, and a hundred other things, now com- 
mon, were for a very long time only rare specimens on the 
shelves of the chemist's curiosity-shop, before they were 
found to be of the greatest value to men, and we cannot 
have a doubt that much more of the same kind of wealth is 
soon to be developed. May we not reasonably expect that 
virtues may be discovered in things now neglected, which 
will directly lead to the invention of arts more wonderful 
and more useful than photography or electro-telegraphing ? 



A correspondent, writing from Buffalo, says, in speaking 
of the value of The Scientific American to its host of read- 
ers : "I would as soon think of going without supper on 
Thursday night as to neglect to call at the book-store for 
the Paper of papers ; and I am proud to say that I have 
influenced many others to ' go and do likewise.' I have my 
volumes complete and nicely bound from volume five ; and 
should poverty ever compel me to sell my library, my Bible 
and my Scientific American should remain to grace the 
otherwise empty shelves." 



52 



USEFUL HINTS TO INQUIRERS. 




A WORD TO INQUIRERS. 

We frequently receive letters containing 
long strings of trifling questions, relative to 
all sorts of things, without any fee to pay 
us for our time in obtaining the information, 
nor even stamps for postage or stationery. 
Many of these correspondents close their 
letters with the comforting assurance that 
" I would remit for your trouble, but do 
not know how much to send." To relieve 
the consciences of all such doubters, we 
would recommend them to send a dollar or more, according 
to the value to them of the desired information. If the 
latter is of no value, they ought not to trouble us with their 
fly-tracks. 

To certain other classes of inquirers the following hints 
may be useful : The best washing-machines, the best straw- 
cutters, the best churns, the best brick-machines, the best 
engines, the best sewing-machines, the best of every thing 
in the mechanical line, is advertised and illustrated in The 
Scientific American, and the address of the parties having 
such things on sale is there given. Write directly to them 
for the information you want, and spare us. If you cannot 
at first find what you desire, read the back numbers of 
The Scientific American. Do not expect us to do the 
work for you unless you send a small remittance. 



To find the area of an ellipsis, multiply the long diam- 
eter by the short diameter and by .7854 ; the product will 
be the area. 

Never relate your misfortunes, and never grieve over what 
you cannot prevent. 

To find the area of a circle, multiply the square of the 
diameter by the decimal .7854. Or multiply the circum- 
ference by the radius, and divide the product by 2. 



PATENT LAW OF 1836. 53 

THUS 

PATENT LAWS 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



B^"* The following are the existing Laws under which 
American Patents are granted and supported by the courts. 

To save space we omit such portions as have been repeal- 
ed, or that relate to salaries of officials, and other unimport- 
ant details not pertaining to patents. 



PATENT LAW OF 1836. 

AN ACT to promote the progress of Useful Arts, and to re- 
peal all acts and parts of acts heretofore made for that 
purpose. 

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PATENT OFFICE. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives 
of the United States of America in Confess assembled : That 
there shall be established and attached to the Department 
of State,* an office, to be denominated the Patent Office, the 
chief officer of which shall be called the Commissioner of 
Patents, to be appointed by the President, by and with the 
advice and consent of the Senate, whose duty it shall be, 
under the direction of the Secretary of State, to superin- 
tend, execute, and perform all such acts and- things touch- 
ing and respecting the granting and issuing of patents for 
new and useful discoveries, inventions, and improvements, 

* Now attached to Department of Interior. 



54 PATENT LAW OF 1836. 

as are herein provided for, or shall hereafter be, by law, di- 
rected to be done and performed, and shall have charge 
and custody of all the books, records, papers, models, and 
machines, and all other things belonging to said office, * * * 
and shall be entitled to send and receive letters and pack- 
ages by mail, relating to the business of the office, free of 
postage. 

Sec. 2. [Relates to the appointment of clerks and other 
officials.] 

PATENT OFFICE EMPLOYEES MUST NOT BE INTERESTED IN 

PATENTS. 

* * * And said Commissioner, clerks, and every other 
person appointed and employed in said office, shall be dis- 
qualified and interdicted from acquiring or taking, except 
by inheritance, during the period for which they shall hold 
their appointments respectively, any right or interest, direct- 
ly or indirectly, in any patent for an invention or discovery 
which has been, or may hereafter be, granted. 

Sec 3. [Relates to oaths and sureties of clerks.] 

SEAL OF OFFICE, COPYING, ETC. 

Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That the said Com- 
missioner shall cause a seal to be made and provided for 
the said office, with such devices as the President of the 
United States shall approve ; and copies of any records, 
books, papers, or drawings, belonging to the said office, 
under the signature of the said Commissioner, or, when 
the office shall be vacant, under the signature of the chief 
clerk, with the said seal affixed, shall be competent evi- 
dence in all cases in which the original records, books, pa- 
pers, or drawings could be evidence. And any person 
making amplication therefor may have certified copies of 
the records, drawings, and other papers deposited in said 
office, on paying for the written copies the sum of ten 
cents for every page of one hundred words ; and for copies 
of drawings, the reasonable expenses of making the same. 



Sec. 5. And be it furtlicr enacted, That all patents is- 
suing from said office shall be issued in the name of the 



PATENT LAW OF 1836. 55 

United States, and under the seal of said office, and be signed 
by the Secretary of State,* and countersigned by the Com- 
missioner of said office, and shall be recorded, together 
with the descriptions, specifications, and drawings, in the 
said office, in books to be kept for that purpose. Every 
such patent shall contain a short description or title of the 
invention or discovery, correctly indicating its nature and 
design, and in its terms grant to the applicant or applicants, 
his or their heirs, administrators, executors, or assigns, for 
a term not exceeding fourteen years, [changed to seventeen 
years,] the full and exclusive right and liberty of making, 
using, and vending to others to be used, the said invention or 
discovery, referring to the specifications for the particulars 
thereof, a copy of which shall be annexed to the patent, 
specifying what the patentee claims as his invention or dis- 
covery. 

WHO MAY OBTAIN PATENTS, AND HOW. 

Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That any person or 
persons having discovered or invented any new and useful 
art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or 
any new and useful improvement on any art, machine, man- 
ufacture, or composition of matter, not known or used by 
others before his or their discovery or invention thereof, and 
not at the time of his application for a patent in public use 
or on sale, with his consent or allowance, as the inventor 
or discoverer, and shall desire to obtain an exclusive pro- 
perty therein, may make application, in writing, to the 
Commissioner of Patents, expressing such desire ; and the 
Commissioner, on due proceedings had, may grant a pa- 
tent therefor. But before any inventor shall receive a pa- 
tent for any such new invention or discovery, he shall de- 
liver a written description of his invention or discovery, 
and of the manner and process of making, constructing, 
using, and compounding the same, in such full clear, and 
exact terms, avoiding unnecessary prolixity, as to enable 
any person skilled in the art or science to which it apper- 
tains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make, 
construct, compound, and use the same ; and in case of 

* Secretary of the Interior. See Section Law of 1849, page 72. 



56 PATENT LAW OF 1836. 



any machine, he shall fully explain the principle, and the 
several modes in which he has contemplated the application 
of that principle or character by which it may be distin- 
guished from other inventions ; and shall particularly spe- 
cify and point out the part, improvement, or combination 
which he claims as his own invention or discovery. He 
shall, furthermore, accompany the whole with a drawing 
or drawings, and written references, where the nature of 
the case admits of drawings ; or with specimens of ingre- 
dients, and of the composition of matter, sufficient in quan- 
tity for the purpose of experiment, where the invention or 
discovery is of a composition of matter ; which descrip- 
tions and drawings, signed by the inventor, and attested by 
two witnesses, shall be filed in the Patent Office ; and he 
shall, moreover, fjirnish a model of his invention, in all 
cases which admit of a representation by model, of a con- 
venient size to exhibit advantageously its several parts. 
The applicant shall make oath or affirmation that he does 
verilv believe that he is the original and first inventor or 
discoverer of the art, machine, composition, or improve- 
ment for which he solicits a patent ; and that he does not 
know or believe that the same was ever before known or 
used ; and also of what country he is a citizen ; which 
oath or affirmation may be made before any person author- 
ized by law to administer oaths. 

OFFICIAL EXAMINATIONS. 

Sec. *7. And be it further enacted, That on the filing of 
any such application, description, and specification, and the 
payment of the duty hereinafter provided,* the Commis- 
sioner shall make, or cause to be made, an examination of 
the alleged new invention or discovery ; and if, on any such 
examination, it shall not appear to the Commissioner that the 
same had been invented or discovered by any other person 
in this country, prior to the alleged invention or discovery 
thereof by the applicant, or that it had been patented or 
described in any printed publication in this or any foreign 
country, or had been in public use or on sale, with the ap- 

* See Section 10, page 76. 



PATENT LAW OF 1836. 



blicantfs consent or allowance, prior to the application, if 
the Commissioner shall deem it to be sufficiently useful and 
important, it shall be his duty to issue a patent therefor. 
But whenever, on such examination, it shall appear to the 
Commissioner that the applicant was not the original and 
first inventor or discoverer thereof, or that any part of 
that which is claimed as new had before been invented or 
discovered, or patented or described in any printed publica- 
tion in this or any foreign country as aforesaid, or that the 
description is defective and insufficient, he shall notify the 
applicant thereof, giving him briefly such information and 
references as may be useful in judging of the propriety of 
renewing his application, or of altering his specification to 
embrace only that part of the invention or discovery which 
is new. * * * 



INTERFERENCES. 

Sec. S. And be it further enacted, That whenever an ap- 
plication shall be made for a patent, which, in the opinion 
of the Commissioner, would interfere with any other patent 
for which an application may oe pending, or with any un- 
expired patent which shall have been granted, it shall be 
the duty of the Commissioner to give notice thereof to 
such applicants or patentees, as the case may be ; and if 
either shall be dissatisfied with the decision of the Com- 
missioner on the question of priority of right or invention, 
on a hearing thereof, he may appeal from such decision, on 
the like terms and conditions as are provided in the pre- 
ceding section of this act, and the like proceedings shall be 
had, to determine which, or whether either, of the appli- 
cants is entitled to receive a patent as prayed for. But 
nothing in this act contained shall be construed to deprive 
an original and true inventor of the right to a patent for 
his invention by reason of his having previously taken out 
letters patent therefor in a foreign country, and the same 
having been published at any time within six months next 
preceding the filing of his specification and drawings. * * * 

Sec. 9. [Relates to patent fees. This section fixed the fee 
for American citizens at thirty dollars ; subjects of Great 
Britain five hundred dollars, and all other persons three 



58 PATENT LAW OF 1836. 

hundred dollars. This was changed by the law of 1861, 
(see Section 10, page 76.) All persons, without distinction 
as to nationality, now pay thirty -five dollars, except the in- 
habitants of those countries that discriminate against Amer- 
ican citizens. In Canada, an American cannot obtain pa- 
tents. Hence Canadians are charged five hundred dollars 
for an American patent. It is expected that the Canadian 
law will be changed so as to remove this discrimination.] 

THE HEIRS OF AN INVENTOR MAY OBTAIN A PATENT. 

Sec. 10. And be it farther enacted, That where any per- 
son hath made, or shall have made, any new invention, dis- 
covery, or improvement, on account of which a patent 
might by virtue of this act be granted, and such person 
shall die before any patent shall be granted therefor, the 
right of applying for and obtaining such patent shall de- 
volve on the executor or administrator of such person, in 
trust for the heirs-at-law of the deceased, in case he shall 
have died intestate ; but if otherwise, then in trust for his 
devisees, in as full and ample manner, and under the same 
conditions, limitations, and restrictions as the same was 
held, or might have been claimed or enjoyed, by such per- 
son in his or her lifetime ; and when application for a pa- 
tent shall be made by such legal representatives, the oath 
or affirmation provided in the 6th section of this act shall 
be so varied as to be applicable to them. 



PATENTS MAY BE ASSIGNED. 

Sec. 11. And be it further enacted, That every patent 
shall be assigned in law, either as to the whole interest or 
any undivided part thereof, by any instrument in writing ; 
which assignment, and also every grant and conveyance of 
the exclusive right, under any patent, to make and use, and 
to grant to others to make and use, the thing patented with- 
in and throughout any specified part or portion of the 
United States, shall be recorded in the Patent Office within 
three months from the execution thereof. * * * 



PATENT LAW OF 1836. 59 



CAVEATS. 

Sec. 12. And be it further enacted, That any citizen of 
the United States, or alien who shall have been a resident 
of the United States one year next preceding, and shall 
have made oath of his intention to become a citizen thereof, 
who shall have invented any new art, machine, or improve- 
ment thereof, and shall desire further time to mature the 
same, may * * * file in the Patent Office a caveat setting 
forth the design and purpose thereof, and its principal and 
distinguishing characteristics, and praying protection of his 
rio;ht till he shall have matured his invention. * * * And 
such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of the 
office, and preserved in secrecy. And if application shall 
be made by any other person, within one year from the 
time of filing such caveat, for a patent of any invention 
with which it may in any respect interfere, it shall be the 
duty of the Commissioner to deposit the description, spe- 
cifications, drawings, and model, in the confidential ar- 
chives of the office, and to give notice (by mail) to the per- 
son filing the caveat of such application, who shall within 
three months after receiving the notice, if he would avail 
himself of the benefit of his caveat, file his description, 
specifications, drawings, and model ; and if, in the opinion 
of the Commissioner, the specifications of claim interfere 
with each other, like proceedings may be had in all re- 
spects as are in this act provided in the case of interfering 
applications ; Provided, however, That no opinion or de- 
cision * * * under the provisions of this act, shall pre- 
clude any person interested in favor of or against the va- 
lidity of any patent which has been or may hereafter be 
granted, from the right to contest the same in any judicial 
court, in any action in which its validity may come in ques- 
tion. 

KE-ISSUES. 

Sec. 13. And be it further enacted, That whenever any 
patent which has heretofore been granted, or which shall 
hereafter be granted, shall be inoperative or invalid, by 
reason of a defective or insufficient description or specifica- 
tion, or by reason of the patentee claiming in his specifica- 
tion, as his own invention, more than he had or shall have a 



GO PATENT LAW OF 183G. 

right to claim as new, if the error has or shall have arisen 
by inadvertency, accident, or mistake, and without any 
fraudulent or deceptive intention, it shall be lawful for the 
Commissioner, upon the surrender to him of such patent, 
* * * to cause a new patent to be issued to the said in- 
ventor for the same invention, for the residue of the period 
then unexpired for which the original patent was granted, 
in accordance with the patentee's corrected description and 
specification.* And in case of his death or any assignment 
by him made of the original patent, a similar right shall 
vest in his executors, administrators, or assignees. And the 
patent so reissued, together with the corrected description 
and specifications, shall have the same effect and operation 
in law, on the trial of all actions hereafter commenced for 
causes subsequently accruing, as though the same had been 
originally filed in such corrected form, before the issuing of 
the original patent.* * * , * 

SUITS AT LAW. 

Sec. 14. And be it further enaeted, That whenever, in 
any action for damages [for] making, using, or selling the 
thing whereof the exclusive right is secured by any patent 
heretofore granted, or by any patent which may hereafter 
be granted, a verdict shall be rendered for the plaintiff in 
such action, it shall be in the power of the court to render 
judgment of any sum above the amount found by such ver- 
dict as the actual damages sustained by the plaintiff, not 
exceeding three times the amount thereof, according to the 
circumstances of the case, with costs ; and such damages 
may be recovered by action on the case, in any court of 
competent jurisdiction, to be brought in the name or names 
of the person or persons interested, whether as patentee, 
assignee, or as grantees of the exclusive right within and 
throughout a specified part of the United States. 

SUITS AT LAW. FOREIGN PATENTS INVALID IF THE INVEN- 
TION IS NOT PUT ON SALE WITHIN EIGHTEEN MONTHS 
FROM THE DATE OF PATENT. 

Sec. 15. And be it further enaeted, That the defendant 
in any such action shall be permitted to plead the general 

* See Section 5, page 65. 



PATENT LAW OF 183 G. Gl 

issue, and to give this act and any special matter in evi- 
dence, of which notice in writing may have been given to 
the plaintiff or his attorney, thirty days before trial, tending 
to prove that the description and specification filed by the 
plaintiff does not contain the whole truth relative to his in- 
vention or discovery, or that it contains more than is neces- 
sary to produce the described effect ; which concealment or 
addition shall fully appear to have been made for the pur- 
pose of deceiving the public, or that the patentee was not 
the original and first inventor or discoverer of the thing 
patented, or of a substantial and material part thereof 
claimed as new, or that it has been described in some 
public work anterior to the supposed discovery thereof by 
the patentee, or had been in public use or on sale with the 
consent and allowance of the patentee before his application 
for a patent, or that he had surreptitiously or unjustly ob- 
tained the patent for that which was in fact invented or 
discovered by another, who was using reasonable diligence 
in adapting and perfecting the same ; or that the patentee, 
if an alien at the time the patent was granted, had failed 
and neglected, for the space of eighteen months from the 
date of the patent, to put and continue on sale to the pub- 
lic, on reasonable terms, the invention or discovery for which 
the patent issued ; and whenever the defendant relies in his 
defence on the fact of a previous invention, knowledge, or 
use of the thing patented, he shall state, in his notice of 
special matters, the names and places of residence of those 
whom he intends to prove to have possessed a prior know- 
ledge of the thing, and* where the same had been used; in 
either of which cases judgment shall be rendered for the 
defendant with costs : Provided, however, That whenever it 
shall satisfactorily appear that the patentee, at the time of 
making his application for the patent, believing himself to 
be the first inventor or discoverer of the thing patented, the 
same shall not be held to be void on account of the inven- 
tion or discovery, or any part thereof, having been before 
known or used in any foreign country ; it not appearing that 
the same or any substantial part thereof had before been 
patented or described in any printed publication : And pro- 
vided, also, That whenever the plaintiff shall fail to sustain 
his action on the ground that in his specification or claim is 



62 PATENT LAW" OF 1836. 

embraced more than that of which he was the first inventor, 
if it shall appear that the defendant had used or violated 
any part of the invention justly and truly specified and 
claimed as new, it shall be in the power of the court to ad- 
judge and award, as to costs, as may appear to be just and 
equitable.* * * * 

PATENTS MAY BE DECLARED VOID. 

Sec. 16. And be it further enacted, That whenever there 
shall be two interfering patents, or whenever a patent or 
application shall have been refused * * * on the ground 
that that patent applied for would interfere with an unex- 
pired patent previously granted, any person interested in 
any such patent, either by assignment or otherwise in the 
one case, and any such applicant in the other case, may 
have remedy by bill in equity; and the court having cogniz- 
ance thereof, on notice to adverse parties, and other due 
proceedings had, may adjudge and declare either the patents 
void in the whole or in part, or inoperative and invalid in 
any particular part or portion of the United States, accord- 
ing to the interest which the parties to such suit may possess 
in the patent or the inventions patented ; and may also ad- 
judge that such applicant is entitled, according to the prin- 
ciples and provisions of this act, to have and receive a patent 
for his invention, as specified in his claim, or for any part 
thereof, as the fact of priority of right or invention shall, in 
any such case, be made to appear. And such adjudication, 
if it be in favor of the right of such applicant, shall author- 
ize the Commissioner to issue such patent, on his filing a 
copy of the adjudication, and otherwise complying with the 
requisitions of this act: Provided, however, That no such 
judgment or adjudication shall affect the rights of any per- 
son, except the parties to the action, and those deriving title 
from or under them subsequent to the rendition of such 
judgment.* 

COURTS TO HAVE POWERS, ETC. 

Sec 17. And be it further enacted, That all actions, suits, 
controversies, and cases arising under any law of the United 

* See Section 9, page 06. 



PATENT LAW OF 1S3G. 03 



States, granting or confirming to inventors the exclusive 
right to their inventions or discoveries, shall be originally 
cognizable, as well in equity as at law, by the circuit courts 
of the United States, or any district court having the powers 
and jurisdiction of a circuit court ; which courts shall have 
power, upon a bill in equity filed by any party aggrieved, 
in any such case, to grant injunctions according to the 
course and principles of courts of equity, to prevent the 
violation of the rights of any inventor as secured to him by 
any law of the United States, on such terms and conditions 
as said courts may deem reasonable : Provided, however, 
That from all judgments and decrees from any such court 
rendered in the premises, a writ of error or appeal, as the 
case may require, shall lie to the Supreme Court of the 
United States, in the same manner and under the same cir- 
cumstances as is now provided by law in other judgments 
and decrees of circuit courts, and in all other cases in which 
the court shall deem it reasonable to allow the same. 



EXTENSION OF PATENTS. 

Sec. 18. And be it further enacted, That whenever any 
patentee of an invention or discovery shall desire an exten- 
sion of his patent beyond the term of its limitation,* he 
may make application therefor, in writing, to the Commis- 
sioner of the Patent Office, setting forth the grounds thereof ; 
and the Commissioner shall * * * cause to be pub- 
lished in one or more of the principal newspapers in the 
City of Washington, and in such other paper or papers as 
he may deem proper, published in the section of country 
most interested adversely to the extension of the patent, a 
notice of such application, and of the time and place when 
and where the same will be considered, that any person may 
appear and show cause why the extension should not be 
granted. And the Secretary of State, the Commissioner of 
the Patent Office, and the Solicitor of the Treasury shall 
constitute a board f to hear and decide upon the evidence 



* See Section 11, page 76, and Section 16, page 79. 
t Repealed — See Section 1, page 71. 



64 PATEXT LAW OF 1836. 

produced before them, both for and against the extension, 
and shall sit for that purpose at the time and place desig- 
nated in the published notice thereof. The patentee shall 
furnish a statement, in writing, under oath, of the ascertain- 
ed value of the invention, and of his receipts and expendi- 
tures, sufficiently in detail to exhibit a true and faithful ac- 
count of loss and profit in any manner accruing to him from 
and by reason of said invention. And if, upon a hearing of 
the matter, it shall appear to the full and entire satisfaction 
of said [Commissioner], having due regard to the public in- 
terest therein, that it is just and proper that the term of the 
patent should be extended, by reason of the patentee, with- 
out neglect or fault on his part, having failed to obtain, from 
the use and sale of his invention, a reasonable remuneration 
for the time, ingenuity, and expense bestowed upon the 
same, and the introduction thereof into use, it shall be the 
duty of the Commissioner to renew and extend the patent, 
by making a certificate thereon of such extension, for the 
term of seven years from and after the expiration of the 
first term ; * * * and thereupon the said patent shall 
have the same effect in law as though it had been originally 
granted for the term of twenty-one years ; and the benefit 
of such renewal shall extend to assignees and grantees of 
the right to use the thing patented, to the extent of their 
respective interests therein : Provided, however, That no ex- 
tension of a patent shall be granted after the expiration of 
the term for which it was originally issued. 

Sec. 19. [Relates to books, etc., for a library.] 

Sec. 20. [Relates to the classification, and public exhibi- 
tion of models, etc., in the Patent Office.] 

Sec. 21. [Relates to actions and cases sued or pending 
under previous laws.] 

Approved July 4, 1836. 



PATENT LAW OF 1837. 65 



PATENT LAW OF 1837. 

[Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, relate to means for obtaining new 
copies of the patents, records, and models, which were de- 
stroyed by the burning of the Patent Office in December, 
1836. Only a small portion of the old patents and models 
were ever obtained under this act.] 

A PATENT MAY BE DIVIDED INTO SEVERAL SEPARATE PATENTS. 

Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That whenever a patent 
shall be returned for correction and reissue, under the 
thirteenth section of the act [of 1836] to which this is ad- 
ditional, and the patentee shall desire several patents to be 
issued for distinct and separate parts of the thing patented, 
he shall first pay, in manner and in addition to the sum 
provided by that act, the sum of thirty dollars for each ad- 
ditional patent so to be issued. 

ASSIGNMENTS, DRAWINGS, ETC. 

Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That any patent here- 
after to be issued may be made and issued to the assignee 
or assignees of the inventor or discoverer, the assignment 
thereof being first entered of record, and the application 
therefor being duly made, and the specification duly sworn 
to by the inventor. And in all cases hereafter the applicant 
for a patent shall be held to furnish duplicate drawings, 
whenever the case admits of drawings, one of which to be 
deposited in the office, and the other to be annexed to the 
patent, and considered a part of the specification. 

disclaimers. 

Sec. 7. And be it further enacted, That whenever any 
patentee shall have, through inadvertence, accident, or mis- 
take, made his specification of claim too broad, claiming 
more than that of which he was the original or first inventor, 
some material and substantial part of the thing patented 
being truly and justly his own, any such patentee, his ad- 
ministrators, executors, and assigns, whether of the whole or 
of a sectional interest therein, may make disclaimer of such 
parts of the thing patented as the disclaimant shall not 



$6 PATENT LAW OF 1837 



claim to hold by virtue of the patent or assignment, stating 
therein the extent of his interest in such patent ; which dis- 
claimer shall be in writing, attested by one or more wit- 
nesses, and recorded in the Patent Office, on payment by the 
person disclaiming, in manner as other patent duties are 
required by law to be paid, of the sum of ten dollars. And 
such disclaimer shall thereafter be taken and considered as 
part of the original specification, to the extent of the in- 
terest which shall be possessed in the patent or right 
secured thereby, by the disclaimant, and by those claiming 
by or under him, subsequent to the record thereof. But no 
such disclaimer shall affect any action pending at the time 
of its being filed, except so far as may relate to the question 
of unreasonable neglect or delay in filing the same. 

REISSUES 

Sec. 8. And be it further enacted, That whenever appli- 
cation shall be made to the Commissioner for any addition 
of a newly discovered improvement to be made to an exist- 
ing patent, or whenever a patent shall be returned for cor- 
rection and reissue, the specification of claim annexed to 
every such patent shall be subject to revision and restric- 
tion, in the same manner as are original applications for 
patents ; the Commissioner shall not add any such improve- 
ment to the patent in the one case, nor grant the reissue in 
the other case, until the applicant shall have entered a dis- 
claimer, or altered his specification of claim in accordance 
with the decision of the Commissioner ; and in all such cases 
the applicant, if dissatisfied with such decision, shall have 
the same remedy, and be entitled to the benefit of the same 
privileges and proceedings as are provided by law in the 
case of original applications for patents. [See change as to 
additional improvements, law of 1861, page 75, section 9.] 

VALIDITY OF PARTS OF THE PATENT. 

Sec. 9. And be it farther enacted, (any thing in the fif- 
teenth section of the act to which this is additional to the 
contrary notwithstanding,) That whenever, by mistake, ac- 
cident, or inadvertence, and without any wilful default or 
intent to defraud or mislead the public, any patentee shall 



PATENT LAW OF 183 7. 67 

have, in his specification, claimed to be the original and first 
inventor or discoverer of any material or substantial part 
of the thing patented, of which he was not the first and 
original inventor, and shall have no legal or just right to 
claim the same, in every such case the patent shall be deemed 
good and valid for so much of the invention or discovery 
as shall be truly and bona fide his own : Provided, It shall 
be a material and substantial part of the thing patented, and 
be definitely distinguishable from the other parts so claimed 
without right as aforesaid. And every such patentee, his 
executors, administrators, and assigns, whether of a whole 
or of a sectional interest therein, shall be entitled to maintain 
a suit at law or in equity on such patent for any infringe- 
ment of such part of the invention or discovery as shall be 
bona fide his own as aforesaid, notwithstanding the specifi- 
cation may embrace more than he shall have any legal right 
to claim. But in every such case in which a judgment or 
verdict shall be rendered for the plaintiff, he shall not be 
entitled to recover costs against the defendant, unless he 
shall have entered at the Patent Office, prior to the com- 
mencement of the suit, a disclaimer of all that part of the 
thing patented which was so claimed without right : Pro- 
vided, however, That no person bringing any such suit shall 
be entitled to the benefits of the provisions contained in 
this section who shall have unreasonably neglected or de- 
layed to enter at the Patent Office a disclaimer as aforesaid. 



Sec. 10. 
Sec. 11. 
Sec. 12. 



Repealed. Related to model agents.] 

Relates to clerks and copying.] 

Relates to refunding of money in rejeected 



cases, which by the law of 1861, section 9, is forbidden.] 

OATH OR AFFIRMATION, 

Sec. 13. And be it further enacted, That in all cases in 
which an oath is required by this act, or by the act to which 
this is additional, if the person of whom it is required shall 
be conscientiously scrupulous of taking an oath, affirmation 
may be substituted therefor. 

Sec. 14. [Relates to salaries and expenses of the Patent 
Office, Commissioner's report, etc.] 

Approved March 3, 1837. 



68 PATENT LAW OF 1839. 



PATENT LAW OF 1839. 

Sec. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, relate to employes at the Patent Office, 
expenses thereof, patent lists, and books. 

FOREIGN INVENTIONS MAY BE PATENTED IF NOT PUBLICLY 
INTRODUCED PRIOR TO THE APPLICATION. 

Sec. 6. And be it fwther enacted. That no person shall 
be debarred from receiving a patent for any invention or 
discovery, as provided in the act approved on the fourth 
day of July, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six, to 
which this is additional, by reason of the same having been 
patented in a foreign country more than six months prior to 
his application: Provided, That the same shall not have 
been introduced into public and common use in the United 
States prior to the application for such patent : And pro- 
vided, also, That in all cases every such patent shall be lim- 
ited to the term of fourteen* years from the date or publi 
cation of such foreign letters patent. 

MACHINES, ETC., MADE PRIOR TO THE PATENT MAY BE CON- 
TINUED IN USE AFTER ISSUE OF THE PATENT. 

Sec. 7. And be it further enacted, That every person or 
corporation who has, or shall have, purchased or construct- 
ed any newly invented machine, manufacture, or composi- 
tion of matter, prior to the application by the inventor or 
discoverer for a patent, shall be held to possess the right to 
use, and vend to others to be used, the specific machine, 
manufacture, or composition of matter so made or pur- 
chased, without liability therefor to the inventor, or any 
other person interested in such invention ; and no patent 
shall be held to be invalid by reason of such purchase, sale, 
or use, prior to the application for a patent as aforesaid, ex- 
cept on proof of abandonment of such invention to the pub- 
lic, or that such purchase, sale, or prior use, has been for 
more than two years prior to such application for a patent. 

Sec. 8. [Relates to fees for recording, since changed.] 

Sec. 9. [Relates to agricultural statistics.] 

* Changed to serenteen years by the law of 1S61. See page 79, 
section 16. 



PATEXT LAW OF 1839. 69 



CONTESTED CASES. 

Sec. 10. And be it further enacted, That the provisions 
of the sixteenth section of the before-recited act (law of 
1836) shall extend to all cases where patents are refused for 
any reason whatever, either by the Commissioner of Patents 
or by the Chief-Justice of the District of Columbia, upon 
appeals from the decision of said Commissioner, as well as 
where the same shall have been refused on account of, or 
by reason of, interference with a previously existing patent ; 
and in all cases where there is no opposing party a copy of 
the bill shall be served upon the Commissioner of Patents, 
when the whole of the expenses of the proceeding shall be 
paid by the applicant, whether the final decision shall be in 
his favor or otherwise. 

APPEALS. 

Sec. 11. And be it further enacted, That in cases where 
an appeal is now allowed by law from the decision of the 
Commissioner of Patents * * * the party, * * * 
shall have right to appeal to the Chief-Justice of the District 
Court of the United States for the District of Columbia, by 
giving notice thereof to the Commissioner, and filing in the 
Patent Office, within such time as the Commissioner shall 
appoint, his reasons of appeal, specifically set forth in writ- 
ing, and also paying into the Patent Office, to the credit of 
the patent fund, the sum of twenty-five dollars. And it 
shall be the duty of said Chief-Justice, on petition, to hear 
and determine all such appeals, and to revise such decisions 
in a summary way, on the evidence produced before the 
Commissioner, at such early and convenient time as he 
may appoint, first notifying the Commissioner of the time 
and place of hearing, whose duty it shall be to give notice 
thereof to all parties who appear to be interested therein, 
in such manner as said judge shall prescribe. The Commis- 
sioner shall also lay before the said judge all the original 
papers and evidence in the case, together with the grounds 
of his decision, fully set forth in writing, touching all the 
points involved by the reasons of appeal, to which the revi- 
sion shall be confined. And at the request of any party 
interested, or at the desire of the judge, the Commissioner 



70 PATENT LAW OF 1842. 



and the examiners in the Patent Officer may be examined, 
under oath, in explanation of the principles of the machine, 
or other thing, for which a patent in such case is prayed for. 
And it shall be the duty of the said judge, after a hearing 
of any such case, to return all the papers to the Commis- 
sioner, with a certificate of his proceedings and decision, 
which shall be entered of record in the Patent Office ; and 
such decision, so certified, shall govern the further proceed- 
ings of the Commissioner in such case : Provided, however, 
That no opinion or decision of the judge in any such case 
shall preclude any person interested in favor or against the 
validity of any patent which has been, or may hereafter be, 
granted, from the right to contest the same in any judicial 
court, in any action in which its validity may come in ques- 
tion. 

Sec. 12. [Relates to rules in contested cases, and to ex- 
aminers, but has been changed.] 

Sec. 13. [Relates to fees to the justice.] 

Approved March 3, 1839. 



PATENT LAW OF 1842. 

Section 1. [Authorizes the refunding of money paid by 
mistake in certain cases.] 

Sec. 2. [Relates to patent records that were destroyed by 
fire in 1836.] 

Sec. 3. [Repealed.] 

• TAKING THE OATH IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 

Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That the oath required 
for applicants for patents may be taken, when the applicant 
is not, for the time being, residing in the United States, be- 
fore any minister plenipotentiary, charge d'affaires, consul, 
or commercial agent holding commission under the govern- 
ment of the United States, or before any notary public of 
the foreign country in which such applicant may be. 

PENALTY FOR STAMPING UNPATENTED ARTICLES. 

Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That if any person or 
persons shall paint, or print, or mould, cast, carve, or en- 



PATENT LAW OF 1848. 71 

grave, or stamp upon any thing made, used, or sold by him, 
for the sole making or selling which he hath not, or shall 
not have, obtained letters patent, the name, or any imita- 
tion of the name of any other person who hath, or shall 
have, obtained letters patent for the sole making and vend- 
ing of such thing, without consent of such patentee, or his 
assigns or legal representatives ; or if any person, upon any 
such thing not having been purchased from the patentee, or 
some person who purchased it from or under such patentee, 
or not having the license or consent of such patentee, or 
his assigns or legal representatives, shall write, paint, print, 
mould, cast, carve, engrave, stamp, or otherwise make or 
affix the word " patent," or the words "letters patent," or 
the word u patentee," or any word or words of like kind, 
meaning, or import, with the view or intent of imitating or 
counterfeiting the* stamp, mark, or other device of the pa- 
tentee, or shall affix the same, or any word, stamp, or de- 
vice of like import, on any unpatented article, for the pur- 
pose of deceiving the public, he, she, or they, so offending, 
shall be liable for such offence to a penalty of not less than 
one hundred dollars, with costs, to be recovered by action 
in any of the circuit courts of the United States, or in any 
of the district courts of the United States having the pow- 
ers and jurisdiction of a circuit court ; one half of which 
penalty, as recovered, shall be paid to the patent fund, and 
the other half to any person who shall sue for the same. 

Sec. 6. [Repealed.] 

Approved August 29, 1842. 



PATENT LAW OF 1848. 

THE COMMISSIONER TO EXTEND PATENTS. 

Be it enacted, etc., * * * That the power to extend pa- 
tents, shall hereafter be vested solely in the Commissioner 
of Patents ; and when an application is made to him for the 
extension of a patent, * * * he shall refer the case to the 
principal examiner having charge of the class of inventions 
to which said case belongs, who shall make a full report to 



72 patent laws of 1848, 1849, 1852. 

said Commissioner of the said case, and particularly whether 
the invention or improvement secured in the patent was new 
and patentable when patented ; * * * but no patent shall 
be extended for a longer term than seven vears. 



Sec. 2. 
Sec 3. 
Sec 4. 



Relates to record fees — since changed.] 
Relates to clerks and copying.] 
Relates to Patent Reports, etc.] 



Approved May 27, 1S4S. 



PATENT LAW OF 1849. 

And be it further enacted, That the Secretary of the Inte 
rior shall exercise and perform all the acts of supervisioi 
and appeal in regard to the office of Commissioner of Fa 
tents, now exercised by the Secretary of fttate. 



PATENT LAW OF 1852. 

JUDGES TO HEAR APPEALS. 

Be it enacted, etc., That appeals provided for in the elev- 
enth section of the act, (law of 1S39,) * * * may also be 
made to either of the assistant judges of the Circuit Court of 
the District of Columbia ; and all the powers, duties, and 
responsibilities imposed by the aforesaid act, and conferred 
upon the chief judge, are hereby imposed and conferred 
upon each of the said assistant judges. 

Sec 2. And be it further enact id, That in case appeal 
shall be made to the said chief judge, or to either of the 
said assistant judges, the Commissioner of Patents shall pay 
to such chief judge, or assistant judge, the sum of twenty- 
five dollars, required to be paid by the appellant into the 
Patent Office by the eleventh section of said act, on said 
appeal. 

Sec 3. [Repeals a former section relating to a fee to the 
justice.] 

Approved August 30, 1852. 



PATENT LAW OF 1861. 



73 



PATENT LAW OF 1861. 

COMMISSIONER TO ISSUE SUBPCEXAS, ETC. 

Be it enacted, etc., That the Commissioner of Patents may 
establish rules for taking affidavits and depositions required 
in cases pending in the Patent Office, and such affidavits 
and depositions may be taken before any justice of the peace 
or other officer authorized by law to take depositions to be 
used in the courts of the United States, or in the State 
courts of any State where such officer shall reside ; and in 
any contested case pending in the Patent Office it shall be 
lawful for the clerk of any court of the United States for 
any district or Territory, and he is hereby required, upon 
the application of any party to such contested case, or the 
agent or attorney of such party, to issue subpoenas for any 
witnesses residing or being within the said district or Terri- 
tory, commanding such witnesses to appear and testify be- 
fore any justice of the peace, or other officer as aforesaid, 
residing within the said district or Territory, at any time 
and place in the subpoena to be stated ; and if any witness, 
after being duly served with such subpoena, shall refuse or 
neglect to appear, or, after appearing, shall refuse to testify, 
(not being privileged from giving testimony,) such refusal or 
neglect being proved to the satisfaction of any judge of the 
court whose clerk shall have issued such subpoena, said 
judge may thereupon proceed to enforce obedience to the 
process, or to punish the disobedience in like manner as any 
court of the United States may do in case of disobedience to 
process of subpoena ad testificandum issued by such court ; 
and witnesses in such cases shall be allowed the same com- 
pensation as is allowed to witnesses attending the courts of 
the United States : Provided, That no witness shall be re- 
quired to attend at any place more than forty miles from 
the place where the subpoena shall be served upon him to 
give a deposition under this law : Provided also, That no 
witness shall be deemed guilty of contempt for refusing to 
disclose any secret invention made or owned by him : And 
provided, further, That no witness shall be deemed guilty of 
contempt for disobeying any subpoena directed to him by 
virtue of this act, unless his fees for going to 



h 



/4 PATENT LAW OF 1861. 



from, and one day's attendance at the place of examina- 
tion shall be paid or tendered him at the time of the service 
of the subpoena. 

EXAMINERS- IN-CHIEF. 

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That for the purpose 
of securing greater uniformity of action in the grant and 
refusal of letters patent, there shall be appointed by the 
President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
three examiners-in-chief, at an annual salary of three thou- 
sand dollars each, to be composed of persons of competent 
legal knowledge and scientific ability, whose duty it shall 
be, on the written petition of the applicant for that purpose 
being filed, to revise and determine upon the validity of de- 
cisions made by examiners when adverse to the grant of 
letters patent ; and also to revise and determine in like 
manner upon the validity of the decisions of examiners in 
interference cases, and when required by the Commissioner 
in applications for the extension of patents, and to perform 
such other duties as may be assigned to them by the Com- 
missioner ; that from their decisions appeals may be taken 
to the Commissioner of Patents in person, upon payment 
of the fee hereinafter prescribed ; that the said examiners-in- 
chief shall be governed in their action by the rules to be 
prescribed by the Commissioner of Patents. 

Sec. 3. And be it further enacted. That no appeal shall be 
allowed to the examiners-in-chief from the decisions of the 
primary examiners, except in interference cases, until after 
the application shall have been twice rejected. * * * 

Sec. 4. [Relates to salaries.] 

RETURN OF MODELS. 

Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That the Commissioner 
of Patents is authorized to restore to the respective appli- 
cants, or when not removed by them, to otherwise dispose 
of such of the models belonging to rejected applications as 
he shall not think necessary to be preserved. The same 
authority is also given in relation to all models accompany- 
ing applications for designs. He is further authorized to 



PATENT LAW OP 1861. 75 



dispense in future with models of designs when the design 
can be sufficiently represented by a drawing. 

Sec. 6. [Repeals agencies for models.] 

Sec. *l, [Relates to clerks.] 

PAPERS MUST BE PROPERLY PREPARED, 

Sec. 8. And be it further enacted, That the Commissioner 
may require all papers filed in the Patent Office, if not cor 
rectly, legibly, and clearly written, to be printed at the cost 
of the parties filing such papers ; and for gross misconduct 
he may refuse to recognize any person as a patent agent, 
either generally or in any particular case ; but the reasons 
of the Commissioner for such refusal shall be duly record- 
ed, and subject to the approval of the President of the 
United States. 

NO MONEY RETURNED ON REJECTED CASES. 

Sec. 9. And be it further enacted, That no money paid as 
a fee on any application for a patent after the passage of 
this act shall be withdrawn or refunded ; nor shall the fee 
paid on filing a caveat be considered as part of the sum re- 
quired to be paid on filing a subsequent application for a 
patent for the same invention. 

That the three months' notice given to any caveator in 
pursuance of the requirements of the twelfth section of the 
act of July fourth, eighteen hundred and thirty-six, shall 
be computed from the day on which such notice is depos- 
ited in the post-office at Washington, with the regular time 
for the transmission of the same added thereto, which time 
shall be indorsed on the notice ; and that so much of the 
thirteenth section of the act of Congress, approved July 
fourth, eighteen hundred and thirty-six, as authorizes the 
annexing to letters patent of the description and specifica- 
tion of additional improvements, is hereby repealed, and in 
all cases where additional improvements would now be ad- 
missible independent patents must be applied for. 

SCHEDULE OF OFFICIAL FEES. 

Sec. 10. And be it further enacted, That all laws now in 
force fixing the rates of the Patent Office fees to be paid, 



PATENT LAW OF 1861 



and discriminating between the inhabitants of the United 
States and those of other countries which shall not dis- 
criminate against the inhabitants of the United States, are 
hereby repealed, and in their stead the following rates are 
established : 

On filing each caveat, ten dollars. 

On filing each original application for a patent, except 
for a design, fifteen dollars. 

On issuing each original patent, twenty dollars. 

On every appeal from the examiners-in-chief to the Com- 
missioner, twenty dollars. 

On every application for the reissue of a patent, thirty 
dollars. 

On every application for the extension of a patent, fifty 
dollars ; and fifty dollars, in addition, on the granting of 
every extension. 

On filing each disclaimer, ten dollars. 

For certified copies of patents and other papers, ten 
cents per hundred words. 

For recording every assignment, agreement, power of at- 
torney, and other papers, of three hundred words or under, 
one dollar. 

For recording every assignment and other papers over 
three hundred and under one thousand words, two dollars. 

For recording every assignment or other writing, if over 
one thousand words, three dollars. 

For copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of making 
the same. 



PATENTS FOR DESIGNS. 

Sec. 11. And be it farther enacted, That any citizen or 
citizens, or alien or aliens, having resided one year in the 
United States, and taken the oath of his or their intention 
to become a citizen or citizens, who by his, her, or their 
own industry, genius, efforts, and expense, may have in- 
vented or produced any new and original design for a man- 
ufacture, whether of metal or other material or materials, 
and original design for a bust, statue, or bas-relief, or com- 
position in alto or basso relievo, or any new and original 
impression or ornament, or to be placed on any article of 



PATENT LAW OF 1861 



manufacture, the same being formed in marble or other ma- 
terial, or any new and useful pattern, or print, or picture, 
to be either worked into or worked on, or printed or painted 
or cast, or otherwise fixed on any article of manufacture, 
or any new and original shape or configuration of any art- 
icle of manufacture, not known or used by others before 
his, her, or their invention or production thereof, and prior 
to the time of his, her, or their application for a patent 
therefor, and who shall desire to obtain an exclusive prop- 
erty or right therein to make, use, and sell, and vend the 
same, or copies of the same to others, by them to be made, 
used, and sold, may make application in writing to the Com- 
missioner of Patents, expressing such desire ; and the Com- 
missioner, on due proceedings had, may grant a patent 
therefor, as in the case now of application for a patent, for 
for the term of three and one half years, or for the term of 
seven years, or for the term of fourteen years, as the said 
applicant may elect in his application : Provided, That the 
fee to be paid in such application shall be for the term of 
three years and six months, ten dollars ; for seven years, 
fifteen dollars ; and for fourteen years, thirty dollars : And 
provided, That the patentees of designs under this act 
shall be entitled to the extension of their respective pa- 
tents, for the term of seven years from the day on which 
said patents shall expire, upon the same terms and restric- 
tions as are now provided for the extension of letters pa 
tent. 



APPLICATIONS MUST BE COMPLETED WITHIN TWO YEARS. 

Sec. 12. And be it further enacted, That all applications 
for patents shall be completed and prepared for examina- 
tion within two years after the filing of the petition, and in 
default thereof they shall be regarded as abandoned by the 
parties thereto, unless it be shown, to the satisfaction of 
the Commissioner of Patents, that such delay was unavoid- 
able ; and all applications now pending shall be treated as 
if filed after the passage of this act ; and all applications 
for the extension of patents shall be filed at least ninety 
days before the expiration thereof, and notice of the day 



78 PATENT LAW OF 1861. 



set for the hearing of the case shall be published, as now 
required by law, for at least sixty days. 

PATENTED ARTICLES TO BE STAMPED. 

Sec. 13. And be it further enacted, That in all cases 
where an article is made or vended by any person under 
the protection of letters patent, it shall be the duty of such 
person to give sufficient notice to the public that said art- 
icle is so patented, either by fixing thereon the word pa- 
tented, together with the day and year the patent was 
granted, or when, from the character of the article patent- 
ed, that may be impracticable, by enveloping one or more 
of the said articles, and affixing a label to the package, or 
otherwise attaching thereto a label, on which the notice, 
with the date, is printed ; on failure of which, in any suit 
for the infringement of letters patent by the party failing 
so to mark the article the right to which is infringed upon, 
no damage shall be recovered by the plaintiff, except on 
proof that the defendant was duly notified of the infringe- 
ment, and continued after such notice to make or vend the 
article patented. * * * 

PATENTS MAT BE PRINTED. 

Sec. 14. And be it further enacted, That the Commis- 
sioner of Patents be, and he is hereby, authorized to print, 
or in his discretion to cause to be printed, ten copies of the 
description and claims of all patents which may hereafter 
be granted, and ten copies of the drawings of the same, 
when drawings shall accompany the patents : Provided, 
The cost of printing the text of said descriptions and 
claims shall not exceed, exclusive of stationery, the sum of 
tw r o cents per hundred words for each of said copies, and 
the cost of the drawing shall not exceed fifty cents per 
copy ; one copy of the above number shall be printed on 
parchment, to be affixed to the letters patent ; the work 
shall be under the direction, and subject to the approval, 
of the Commissioner of Patents, and the expense of the 
said copies shall be paid for out of the patent fund. 

Sec 15. And be it further enacted, That printed copies 



PATENT LAWS OF 1861 AND 1863. 79 

of the letters patent of the United States, with the seal of 
the Patent Office affixed thereto, and certified and signed 
by the Commissioner of Patents, shall be legal evidence of 
the contents of said letters patents in all cases. 

PATENTS GRANTED FOR SEVENTEEN YEARS. EXTENSIONS PRO- 
HIBITED. 

Sec. 16. And be it further enacted, That all patents 
hereafter granted shall remain in force for the term of sev- 
enteen years from the date of issue ; and all extension of 
such patents is hereby prohibited. 

Sec. 17. And be it further enacted, That all acts and 
parts of acts heretofore passed, which are inconsistent with 
the provisions of this act, be, and the same are hereby, re- 
pealed. 

Approved March 2, 1861. 



PATENT LAW OF 1863. 

Sec 1. [Repeals the renewal of oath.] 
Sec. 2. [Relates to clerks, etc.] 

DATING OP PATENTS. 

Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That every patent 
shall be dated as of a day not later than six months after 
the time at which it was passed and allowed, and notice 
thereof sent to the applicant or his agent. And if the final 
fee for such patent be not paid within the said six months 
the patent shall be withheld, and the invention therein de- 
scribed shall become public property as against the appli- 
cant therefor :* Provided, That, in all cases where patents 
have been allowed previous to the passage of this act, the 
said six months shall be reckoned from the date of such 
passage. 

Approved March 3, 1863. 

* Modified. See law of 1865. 



80 PATENT LAW OF 1865. 



PATENT LAW OF 1865 

FORFEITED APPLICATIONS MAY BE REVIVED. 

Be it enacted, That any person having an interest in an 
invention, whether as inventor or assignee, for which a pat- 
ent was ordered to issue upon the payment of the final fee, 
as provided in section three of an act approved March third, 
eighteen hundred and sixty- three, but who failed to make 
payment of the final fee, as provided in said act, shall have 
the right to make an application for a patent for his inven- 
tion, the same as in the case of an original application, 
provided such application be made within two years after 
the date of the allowance of the original application : Pro- 
vided, that nothing herein shall be so construed as to hold 
responsible in damages any persons who have manufactured 
or used any article or thing for which a patent aforesaid was 
ordered to issue. 

This act shall apply to all cases now in the Patent Office, 
and also to such as shall hereafter be filed ; and all acts or 
parts of acts inconsistent with this act are hereby repealed. 

Approved, March 3, 1865. 



PATENT LAW OF 1866. 

APPEALS TO THE EXAMINERS-IN-CHIEF. 

Be it enacted, That upon appealing for the first time from 
the decision of the primary examiner to the examiners-in- 
chief in the Patent Office, the appellant shall pay a fee of 
ten dollars into the Patent Office to the credit of the Patent 
fund ; and no appeal from the primary examiner to the ex- 
aminers-in-chief shall hereafter be allowed until the appel- 
lant shall pay said fee. 

Approved, June 27, 1866. 



The yearly official Reports of the Patent Office are dis- 
tributed gratuitously to the public, on application to mem- 
bers of Congress. The Reports are not sold by the govern- 
ment. 



WHERE TO GO FOR PATENTS. 



81 




[From The Scientific American.] 
RELATING TO PATENTS. 

T may be well for parties 
who are interested in new 
inventions to remember that 
our firm of Munn & Co. have 
taken out far more patents, 
and have, therefore, had 
much greater experience in 
the profession, than any other 
agency in the world. Those 
who confide their business to 
us may therefore rely upon 
having it done in the best 
nanner on the most mod- 
erate terms. 

In addition to these advantages, we make it a general rule 
to assist the interest of our clients by giving publicity in 
the form of editorial notices, of all the new and meritorious 
inventions that are patented through our agency. The fact 
that we have carefully studied these improvements during 
the process of preparing the patent papers, enables us to 
speak knowingly in regard to their best features. The pub- 
licity thus given to inventions, owing to the immense cir- 
culation of The Scientific American among intelligent 
readers, is often of the utmost benefit to patentees. In 
some cases it has engaged the active cooperation of enter- 
prising capitalists and manufacturers, in patents which other- 
wise would have remained dead, and has resulted in the 
most important pecuniary advantages to inventors and pa- 
tentees, as hundreds of them are ready to testify ; although 
the sum total of our charges for preparing their patent pa- 
pers has rarely exceeded the small amount of twenty-five 
dollars. Whatever carping, jealous, or envious persons, or 
little agents, may say to the contrary, we are justified in 
affirming that all who really wish to promote their own in- 
terests will do well to employ The Scientific American 
Patent Agency. 



82 PROPERTIES OF CHARCOAL. 

PROPERTIES OF CHARCOAL. 

Although charcoal is so combustible, it is, in some re- 
spects a very unchangeable substance, resisting the action 
of a great variety of other substances upon it. Hence posts 
are often charred before being put into the ground. Grain 
has been found in the excavations at Herculaneum, which 
was charred at the time of the destruction of that city, eight- 
een hundred years ago, and yet the shape is perfectly pre- 
served, so that you can distinguish between the different 
kinds of grain. While charcoal is itself so unchangeable, 
it preserves other substances from change. Hence meat and 
vegetables are packed in charcoal for long voyages, and the 
water is kept in casks which are charred on the inside. 
Tainted meat can be made sweet by being covered with it. 
Foul and stagnant water can be deprived of its bad taste by 
being filtered through it. Charcoal is a great decolorizer. 
Ale and porter filtered through it are deprived of their color, 
and sugar-refiners decolorize their brown syrups by means 
of charcoal, and thus make white sugar. Animal charcoal, 
or bone-black, is the best for such purposes, although only 
one-tenth of it is really charcoal, the other nine-tenths being 
the mineral portion of the bone. 

Charcoal will absorb, of some gases, from eighty to ninety 
times its own bulk. As every point of its surface is a point 
of attraction, it is supposed to account for the enormous ac- 
cumulation of gases in the spaces of the charcoal. But this 
accounts for it only in part. There must be some peculiar 
power in the charcoal to change, in some way, the condition 
of a gas of which it absorbs ninety times its own bulk. — 
IIook< r. 

SUBSTITUTE FOR THE CRANK. 

Various devices supposed to have advan- 
tages over the common crank, have been in- 
vented. Our diagram shows one of these 
forms, which has been re-invented many times, 
by different inventors. A grooved wheel is 
employed, and in the groove are two slides, at- 
tached respectively, by pivots, to the connecting) rod of a 
piston rod. The reciprocating movement of the piston rod 
acting upon the connecting rod, causes the rotation of the 
wheel. 




PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 



83 



PRACTICAL GEOMETRY, 

A knowledge of geometry, both practical and theoretical, 
is of importance to mechanics and inventors. It is pro- 
motive of truth and patience in mental habits, and leads to 
the exercise of nicety and exactness in the execution of 
mechanical labors. With a pair of dividers, a rule and 
pencil, any person may speedily acquire a considerable 
knowledge of practical geometry. We subjoin a few sim- 
ple and generally useful problems for practice, in the hope 
of thus interesting some of our readers in the subject, so 
that they will continue the study. Complete works on geo- 
metry can be had at the book-stores. 



»: 










V 



<4n\ 



lit 



Problem 1. — To divide a line into 
equal parts. — To draw a line perpen- 
dicular to another : With a pair of di- 
viders from the extremities of the line 
A B as centres, with any distance ex- 
ceeding the point where the line is to 
be intersected, describe arcs cutting 
each other as m n ; then a line drawn 
through m n will divide the line A B 
equally, and will also be perpendicular 
thereto. 



Problem 2. — To find the side of a 
square that shall be any number of 
times the area of a given square : 
Let A B C D be the given square ; 
then will the diagonal B D be the side 
of a square A E F G, double in area 
to the given square A B C D ; the di- 
ll EB A agonal B D is equal to the line A G ; 
if the diagonal be drawn from B to G, it will be the side of 
a square A H K L, three times the area of the square A B 
C D ; the diagonal B L will equal the size of a square four 
times the area of the square A B C D, etc. 




84 



PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 



Problem 3. — To find the diameter 
of a circle that shall be any number 
of times the area of a given circle : 
Let A B C D be the given circle; 
draw the two diameters A B and C D 
at right angles to each other, and the 
cord A D will be the radius of the 
circle o P, twice the area of the given 
circle nearly ; and half the cord will 
be the radius of a circle that will contain half the area, etc. 



Problem 4. — To describe 
an ellipsis, the transverse 
and conjugate diameters be- 
ing given : From o, as a 
centre, with the difference 
transverse and con- 





of the 
jugate 



semi-diameters. 



off o c and o d ; draw 



set 
the 
diagonal c c?, and continue 
the line o c to &, by the addition of half the diagonal c d, 
then will the distance o k be the radius of the centres that 
will describe the ellipsis ; draw the lines A B, C D, C E, 
and B H, cutting the semi-diameters of the ellipsis in the 
centres k B m n ; then with the radius m s, and with &, 
and m as centres, describe the arcs D H and A E ; also, 
with the radius n r, and with n and B as centres, describe 
the arcs E H and A H, and the figure AEDH will be the 
ellipsis required. 



The " Scientific American." — u It is hardly necessary 
for us to speak of its merits to those who are thoroughly 
posted up in the improvements of the age ; but the general 
reading public may not be so well aware that it contains the 
finest engravings of all the late inventions — the new moni- 
tors, army and navy weapons, vessels, forts, machinery of 
all kinds, military and civil, mechanical and agricultural — 
with essays from the most distinguished scholars upon prac- 



MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 85 

tical philosophy, chemistry, and engineering. It is indis- 
pensable to every inventor. It is useful for every family and 
housewife. In short, it is the best scientific and mechanical 
journal in the world, and we cannot see how any chemist, 
architect, engineer, farmer, or mechanic can do without it. 
Munn & Co., Publishers, 37 Park Row, New York."— Cass 
County Republican. 

MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 

In the construction of models, or machinery, the skillful 
mechanic and inventor will study to avoid clumsiness in the 
arrangement of parts, and will naturally take pride in select- 
ing, as far as possible, the simplest and best forms of me- 
chanical movements. 

To this end, we have thought that nothing could be more 
suggestive or useful than a comprehensive exhibition of 
many of the best mechanical forms already known. 

After much labor and expense, we have brought together, 
condensed and engraved expressly for this work, one of the 
most extensive series of mechanical movements ever before 
published. 

Here the mechanic may find at a glance the movement 
suited for his purpose, and may see the separate parts best 
adapted to any special combination of mechanism. 

As these engravings are not readily to be found elsewhere, 
we recommend the careful preservation of this book. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE MECHANICAL MOVE- 
MENTS BY NUMBERS. 

1. Shaft coupling. 2. Claw coupling. 3,4. Lever coup- 
lings. On the driving shaft, a disk with spurs is mounted, 
and to the shaft to be driven a lever is hinged. By causing 
this lever to catch in the spurs of the disk, the coupling is 
effected. 5. Knee or rose coupling, of which 26 is a side 
view. 

6. Universal joint. 7, 8. Disk and spur coupling. 9. 
Prong and spur lever coupling. 

10. Fast and loose pulley. 11. Sliding gear, the journal 
boxes of one of the wheels being moveable. 12. Friction 
clutch. By tightening or releasing a steel band, encircling 
a pulley on the shaft, the machinery is thrown in or out of 

~8 



86 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 

gear. 13,14. Shoe and lever brakes. 15,16. Change of 
motion by sheaves. 17. Spiral flanged shaft. 18. Con- 
nected with the rod are pawl links, catching into ratchet- 
teeth in the wheel to which rotary motion is to be imparted. 
When the rod moves in one direction, one of the pawls acts; 
and when the rod moves in the opposite direction, the other 
pawl acts in the same direction as the first. 19. The recip- 
rocating motion of a rod is converted into rotary motion of 
the fly-wheel by a weight suspended from a cord, which 
passes over a small pulley that connects with a treadle, from 
which the motion is transmitted to the fl} T -wheel. 

20. "Flying horse," used in fairs for amusement. By 
pulling the cords radiating from the crank, the persons occu- 
pying the seats or horses on the ends of the arms are enabled 
to keep the apparatus in motion. 21, 22. Bow string ar- 
rangements, to connect reciprocating into rotary motion. 
23. Same purpose by differential screw. 24. The same by 
double rack and wheels. 25. Coupling for square shafts. 
26. Side view of Fig. 5. 27. Sliding spur pulley coupling. 
28. Lever with bearing roller to tighten pulley bands. 29. 
Chain wheel. 

30. Reciprocating rectilinear into reciprocating rotary 
motion by two racks and cog wheel. 31. Oblique toothed 
wheels. 32. Worm and worm wheel. 33,34. Claw coup- 
ling with hinged lever. 35, 36. Disk couplings, with lugs 
and cavities. 37. Disk coupling with screw bolts. 38,39, 
40. Shaft couplings. 

41. Face view of Fig. 12. 42. Friction cones. 43. Fric- 
tion pullies. 44. Self-releasing coupling. Disks with ob- 
lique teeth. If the resistance to the driven shaft increases 
beyond a certain point, the disks separate. 45. Hoisting 
blocks. 46. Elbow crank, for changing motion. 47. Re- 
ciprocating into rotary motion by zig-zag groove on cylinder. 
48. Another form of Fig. 29. 49. Reciprocating into a ro- 
tary motion. 

50. Same purpose. 51. Same purpose, by double rack 
and two ratchet pinions. When the double rack moves in 
one direction, one pinion is rigid with the shaft ; when the 
rack moves in the opposite direction, the other pinion is rigid, 
and a continuous rotary motion is imparted to the fly-wheel 
shaft. 52. Reciprocating into oscillating. 53. Rotary into 



MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 87 

reciprocating. By the action of the wheel pins, the carriage 
is moved in one direction, and by the action of said pins on 
an elbow-lever, it is moved in the opposite direction. 54. 
Stamp rod and lifting cam. 55. For giving reciprocating 
motion to rack. 56. Same motion to a bar with slot, by 
means of an eccentric pin projecting from a revolving disk, 
and catching in the slot. 57. Walking beam and fly-wheel. 
58. Reciprocating motion to pump or other rod by means 
of eccentric disk and friction rollers. See 81 and 104. 59. 
Hoisting crane. 

60. Frictiongears. See 43. 61. Rotary into reciproca- 
ting by rising and falling pinion acting on endless rack. 
62. By the revolving cam, a rising and falling or a recipro- 
cating rectilinear motion is imparted to a drum. 63. Recip- 
rocating motion to a frame by means of endless rack and 
pinion. 64. Reciprocating rectilinear motion to a toothed 
rack by a toothed segment on a lever-arm, which is subjected 
to the action of a weight, and of an eccentric wrist-pin, pro- 
jecting from a revolving disk. 65. Reciprocating motion to 
a rod. The wheels are of different diameters, and conse- 
quently the rod has to rise and fall as v the wheels revolve. 
(See 110.) 66. Cam and elbow lever.' 67. Rod recipro- 
cates by means of cam. 68. Revolving into reciprocating 
motion, by an endless segmental rack and pinion, the axle 
of which revolves and slides in a slot toward and from the 
rack. This rack is secured to a disk, and a rope round said 
disk extends to the body to which a reciprocating motion is 
to be imparted. 69. Elliptic gears. 

70. Bevel gear. 71. Worm and worm wheel. 72. Trans- 
mitting motion from one axle to another, with three dif- 
ferent velocities, by means of toothed segments of unequal 
diameters. 73. Continuous revolving into reciprocating, by 
a cam-disk acting on an oscillating lever. 74. Intermittent 
revolving motion to a shaft with two pinions, and segment 
gear wheel on end of shaft. 75. Oscillating lever, carrying 
pawls which engage teeth in the edges of a bar to which 
rectilinear motion is imparted. 76. Oscillating lever, con- 
nects by a link with a rod to which a rectilinear motion is 
imparted. 77. Oscillating lever and pawls, which gear in 
the ratchet-wheel. 78. Common treadle. 79. Describing 
on a revolving cylinder a spiral line of a certain given pitch. 



88 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 



which depends upon the comparative sizes of the pinion and 
bevel-wheels. 

80. Marking a spiral line, the graver moved bv a screw. 
81. (See Fig. 58.) 82. Plunger and rods. 83. Cross head 
and rods. 84. Reciprocating rod guided by friction rollers. 
85. Revolving into reciprocating motion, by means of roller- 
arms, extending from a revolving shaft, and acting on lugs 
projecting from a reciprocating frame. 86. Crank motion. 

87. Reciprocating motion by toothed wheel and spring bar. 

88. The shaft carries a tapper, which catches against a hook 
hinged to the drum, so as to carry said drum along and 
raise the weight on the rope. When the tappet has reached 
its highest position, the hook strikes a pin, the hook disen- 
gages from the tappet, and the weight drops. 89. Recipro- 
cating motion to a rod by means of a groove in an oblique 
ring secured to a revolving shaft. 

90. Double crank. 91. Cam groove in a drum, to pro- 
duce reciprocating motion. 92. Belts and pulleys. 93. 
Pulleys, belts, and internal gear. 94. As the rod moves up 
and down, the teeth of the cog-wheel come in contact with 
a pawl, and an intermittent rotary motion is imparted to 
said wheel. 95. By turning the horizontal axles with dif- 
ferent velocities, the middle wheel is caused to revolve with 
the mean velocity. 96. Oscillating lever and cam groove in 
a disk. 97. Lazy tongs. 98. Oscillating segment and belt 
over pulleys. 99. Converting oscillating into a reciproca- 
ting motion by a cam-slot in the end of the oscillating lever 
which catches over a pin projecting from one of the sides of 
a parallelogram which is connected to the rod to which re- 
ciprocating motion is imparted. 

100. Oscillating motion of a beam into rotary motion. 
101 . Motion of a treadle into rotary motion. 102. Double- 
acting beam. 103. Single-acting beam. 104. (See Figures 
58 and 81.) 105. Device to steady a piston by a slotted 
guide-piece, operated by an eccentric on the driving-shaft. 
106. Rod operated by two toothed segments. 107. Two 
cog-wheels of equal diameter, provided with a crank of the 
same length, and connected by links with a cross-bar to 
which the piston-rod-is secured. 108. Device for a rectilin- 
ear motion of a piston-rod based on the hypocyclodial mo- 
tion of a pinion in a stationary wheel with internal gear. 



MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 89 

If the diameter of the pinion is exactly equal to one-half 
the diameter of the internal gear, the hypocycloid becomes 
a right line. 109. Same purpose as 56. 

110. Action similar to 65. 111. Revolving motion by a 
circular sliding pinion gearing in an elliptical cog-wheel. 
112. Similar to 96. 113. Carpenter's clamp. The jaws 
turn on their pivot-screws, and clamp the board. 114. An 
irregular vibratory motion is given to the arm carrying the 
wheel A, by the rotation of the pinion B. 115. Intermit- 
tent rotary motion of the pinion-shaft, by the continuous 
rotary motion of the large wheel. The part of the pinion 
shown next the wheel is cut on the same curve as the plain 
portion of the circumference, and, therefore, serves as a lock 
whilst the wheel makes a part of a revolution, and until the 
pin upon the wheel strikes the guide-piece upon the pinion, 
when the pinion-shaft commences another revolution. 116. 
Stop-motion used in watches to limit the number of revolu- 
tions in winding up. The convex curved part, a, b, of the 
wheel B, serving as the stop. 117. Several wheels, by con- 
necting rods, driven from one pulley. 118. Intermittent 
circular motion is imparted to the toothed wheel by vibrating 
the arm B. When the arm, B, is lifted, the pawl is raised 
from between the teeth of the wheel, and traveling backward 
over the circumference again, drops between two teeth on 
lowering the arm, and draws with it the wheel. 1 1 9. Re- 
ciprocating rectilinear motion is given to the bar by the con- 
tinuous motion of the cam. The cam is of equal diameter 
in every direction measured across its center. 

120. Mechanism for revolving the cylinder in Colt's fire- 
arms. When the hammer is drawn back the dog, a, attached 
to the tumbler, acts on the ratchet, b, on the back of the 
cylinder, and is held up to the ratchet by a spring, c. 121. 
Alternate increasing and diminishing motion, by means of 
eccentric toothed wheel and toothed cylinder. 122. Oscilla- 
ting or pendulum engine. The cylinder swings between 
trunnions like a pendulum. The piston-rod connects direct- 
ly with crank. 123. Intermittent rotary motion. The 
small wheel is driven, and the friction rollers on its studs 
move the larger wheel by working against the faces of ob- 
lique grooves or projections across the face thereof. 124. 
Longitudinal and rotary motion of the rod is produced by 



90 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 



its arrangement between two rotating rollers, the axles of 
which are oblique to each other. 125. Friction indicator of 
Roberts. Upon the periphery of the belt-pulley a loaded 
carriage is placed, its tongue connected with an indicator. 
With a given load the indicating pointer remains in a given 
position, no matter what velocity is imparted to the pulley. 
When the load is changed the indicator changes, thus prov- 
ing that the friction of wheels is in proportion to load, not 
velocity. 1 26. Circular intermittent rectilinear reciprocating 
motion. Used on sewing-machines for driving the shuttle ; 
also on three-revolution cylinder printing-presses. 127. Con- 
tinuous circular into intermittent circular motion. The cam 
is the driver. 128. Sewing-machine, four-motion feed. The 
bar, B, carries the feeding-points or spurs, and is pivoted to 
slide, A. B is lifted by a radial projection on cam C, 
which at the same time also carries A and B forward. A 
spring produces the return stroke, and the bar B, drops by 
gravity. 129. Patent crank motion, to obviate dead centers. 
Pressure on the treadle moves the slotted slide, A, forward 
until the wrist passes the center, when the spring, B, forces 
the slide against the stops until next forward movement. 

130. Four-way cock. 131. One stroke of the piston gives 
a complete revolution to the crank. 132. Rectilinear motion 
of variable velocity, is given to the vertical bar by rotation 
of the shaft of the curved arm. 133. Pantagraph for copy- 
ing, enlarging, and reducing plans, etc. C, fixed point. B, 
ivory tracing point. A, pencil trace, the lines to be copied 
with, and B, the pencil, will re-produce it double size. Shift 
the slide to which C is attached, also the pencil slide, and 
size of the copy will be varied. 134. Ball and socket joint 
for tubing. 135. Numerical registering device. The teeth 
of the worm shaft gear with a pair of worm-wheels of equal 
diameter, one having one tooth more than the other. If the 
first wheel has 100 teeth and the second 101, the pointers 
will indicate respectively 101 and 10.100 revolutions. 136. 
Montgolfier's hydraulic "ram. The right hand valve being 
kept open by a weight or spring, the current flowing through 
the pipe in the direction of the arrow, escapes thereby. 
When the pressure of the water current overcomes the weight 
of the right valve, the momentum of the water opens the 
other valve, and the water passes into the air-chamber. On 



MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 91 

equilibrium taking place, the left valve shuts and the right 
valve opens. By this alternate action of the valves, water 
is raised into the air-chamber at every stroke. 137. Rotary 
engine. Shaft, B, and hub, C, are arranged eccentric to the 
case. Sliding radial pistons, a, a, move in and out of hub, 
C. The pistons slide through rolling packings in the hub, 
C. 138. Quadrant engine. Two single-acting pistons, B, 
B, connect with crank, D. Steam is admitted to acton the 
outer sides of the pistons alternately through valve a, and 
the exhaust is between the pistons. 139. Circular into rec- 
tilinear motion. The scolloped wheel communicates motion 
to the horizontal oscillating rod, and imparts rectilinear 
movement to the upright har. 140. Rotary motion trans- 
mitted by rolling contact between two obliquely arranged 

MTJLTTJM IN PARVO. 

We have some queer correspondents : One writes to know 
if we will not be so good as to send a messenger to an ad- 
dress which he gives, up town — distance two and a half 
miles from our office — to make certain inquiries for him. It 
would require one and a half hours time to do the errand, 
and not a stamp inclosed. Another wants us to write a let- 
ter and tell him where to get a combined thermometer and 
barometer. Another, " will you be good enough to give me 
the names and addresses of several of the makers of the best 
brick machines;" another wants water wheels; another 
threshing machines; each writer desires our written opinion 
as to which is the best device, with our reasons, and not one 
is thoughtful enough to inclose a fee, or reflect that to an- 
swer his request will consume considerable of our time. An- 
other party wishes us to write to him the recipe for making 
ornaments out of coal tar, where he can buy the mixture 
ready for use, and how much chequer-men will sell for in the 
New York market. For this information he sends us the 
generous sum of three cents in postage stamps. Mr. C. wants 
us to tell him of some valuable invention, of which he can 
buy the patent cheap, that would be suitable for him to take 
to sell, on his travels out West, by towns, counties, etc., three 
cents inclosed. Others want us to put them in communica- 
tion with some person who will purchase an interest in their 
inventions, or manufacture for them, or furnish this or that 
personal information, our reply to be printed in the Scientific 
American. We are at all times happy to serve our corre- 
spondents, but if replies to purely personal errands are expect- 
ed, a small fee, say from one to five dollars, should be sent. 



92 



MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 




MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 



93 




94 



MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 




96 



MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, 




WILL IT PAY 



97 



WILL, IT PAY? 

On page 5, readers are informed that we are always happy 
to give them our opinion as to the novelty of their inven- 
tions, without charge. Bat some persons, when they send 
for such information, add many other inquiries, difficult to 
answer, and not included in our gratuitous invitation ; as for 
example : " What is it worth 1 Who will buy 1 Will it 
pay 1 Does it infringe 1 Does it conflict with B's patent ? 
If you will guarantee that it docs not infringe, I will apply 
for a paten t," etc. 

It is impossible for us to answer all of these questions 
satisfactorily, but in special cases we might write out a reply 
if a fee were sent to compensate for our time. The follow- 
ing hints, however, may prove useful as a sort of general 
answer. 

" What is it worth ? Who will buy ?" If a patent is re- 
fused, and cannot be obtained, the device is worth nothing, 
and no one will buy. Therefore the first thing to be consid- 
ered, the first step to be taken, is to obtain the Patent. Do 
not count your chickens, nor anxiously seek a market for 
them, nor ask anybody to guarantee or insure their lives, 
before they are hatched. 

" Will it pay V 9 As a general rule, every patentable im- 
provement will more than repay the small cost of taking out 
the patent. The sale of a single machine, or of a single 
right of use, will often bring back more than the whole out- 
lay for the patent. The extent of profit frequently depends 
upon the business capacity of the inventor, or his agent. 
One man will make a fortune from an unpromising improve- 
ment, while another, possessing a brilliant invention, will 
realize little or nothing, owing to idleness and incompetence. 
[See remarks, page 42.] 

" Does it infringe V 9 To answer this in each individual 
case, requires the special search mentioned at page 16. In- 
fringement consists in the use, sale, or manufacture of the 
thing patented. It is not an infringement to take out or 
hold a patent for an improvement upon any other patent. 
It is not an infringement to sell rights under any patent, 
whether town, county or state rights, or licenses. The ac- 
tual manufacture, sale, or use of an article may infringe ; 
but the sale or purchase of patent rights is not infringement. 



9 



98 



WILL IT PAY^ 



All good improvements are worth patenting, even if their 
use infringes a prior patent. Many an infringing device is 
worth more than the patent with which it conflicts. Patent- 
ees of conflicting inventions can usually make satisfactory 
arrangements with the owners of the prior patents ; it is ob- 
viously to the interest of prior patentees to have their patents 
used as extensively as possible. The princely revenue of 
Howe, the inventor of the sewing machine, said to be five j 
hundred thousand dollars annually, is derived from infring- 
ing patentees, who pay him a small royalty on each machine. 
The net profits divided among the owners of one of these 
infringing patents, — the celebrated Wheeler and Wilson — is 
reported to be more than one million dollars a year. We 
might give hundreds of analogous examples. 

SUBSTITUTE FOR BELTS AND GEARS. 

The object of. this device is to transmit motion from one 
shaft to another, without the use of belt or gear wheels, both 
of which are in some instances objectionable. 




Continuous rotary motion of the pulley shaft, is imnarted 
to the secondary shaft through the connecting rods 

STEAM PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE. 



Pressure 
in lbs. 

prsq.in. 

10 
15 
20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 
55 
60 



Correspond'g 


Pressure j 


Temperature, 


in lbs. 


Fahrenheit. 


persq. in. 


192.4 


65 


212.8 


70 


228.5 


75 


241.0 


80 


251.6 


85 


260.9 


90 


269.1 


95 


276.4 


100 


283.2 


110 


289.3 


120 


295.6 


1 130 



Correspond'g 

Temperature. 

Fahrenheit. 

331.3 
306.4 
311.2 
315.8 
320.1 
324.3 
328.2 
332.0 
339.2 
345.8 
352.1 



Pressure 
i in lbs. 
persq. in, 

140 

150 
160 
170 
180 
190 
200 
210 
220 
23) 
240 



Correspond'g 

Temperature, 

Fahrenheit. 



357.9 
363.4 
368.7 
373.6 
378.4 
382.9 
387.3 
391.5 
395.5 
399.4 
403.1 



[Third Edition.] 



99 
ABSTRACT 

OF THE 

POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



CEJYSUS OJ? 1860 



MAINE.— Area, 31,766 square miles. 

Androsc'n. 29,725 Hancock ..37,758 Lincoln.. ..27.854 Piscataq's. 15,032 Waldo ....38,447 

Aroostook. 22,479 Kennebec. .55,655 Oxford 36,698 Sagadah*k.21,790 Wash'gton42,535 

Cumbeii'd. 75,592 Knox 32,716 Penobscot. 72,731 Somerset. .36,754 York 62,107 

Franklin.. 20,403 Total 628,276 

NEW HAMPSHIRE.— Area, 9,280 square miles. 

Belknap. ..18,548 Cheshire. .27,434 Grafton .. .42,259 Merrimack4i,408 Strafford. .31,494 
Carroll. ...20,464 Coos 13,162 Hillsboro'. 62,140 Rock'ham.50,122 Sullivan. ..19,041 



Total. 



.326,072 



VERMONT.— Area, 10,212 square miles. 

Addison. ..24,010 Chitt'nden 28.171 Grand Isle. 4.296 Orleans ...18,982 Windham. 26,983 

Benningfnl9,435 Essex 5,786 La Moille.. 12,311 Rutland .. .35,949 Windsor.. .37,195 

Caledonia. 21,708 Franklin ..27,241 Orange.. ..25,455 Wash'ton .27,614 Total ..315,116 

MASSACHUSETTS.— Area, 7,800 square miles. 

Barnstable35,990 Dukes 4,403 Hampden. .57, 365 Nantucket 6,094 Suffolk.. .192,701 

Berkshire .55,120 Essex. ...165,610 Hampshire37,62i Norfolk ..109,950 Worc'ter.159,660 
Bristol.... 93, 795 Franklin ..31.434 Middl'sex216,351 Plymouth 64,768 Total ..1,231,065 

RHODE ISLAND.— Area, 1,306 square miles. 

Bristol.... 8,907 Kent 17,303 Newport. .21, 897 Provid'ce. 107,799 Washing'nl8,715 

Total 174,621 

CONNECTICUT.— Area, 4,674 square miles. 

Fairfield ..77.476 Litchfield. .47,317 N. Haven. 97,347 Tolland ...21,187 Windham. 36,445 
Hartford. .89.964 Middlesex. 32,993 N. London. 57,422 Total 460,151 

NEW 

Albany.. .113,919 
Alleghany. 41.882 
Broome.. ..35,910 
Catta'gus. .43,897 
Cayuga ....55,769 
Chaut'qua.58,354 
Chemung. .26,917 
Chenango. .40,936 
Clinton. ...45,736 
Columbia .47,250 
Cortland. .26, 296 
Delaware.. 42,467 



YORK.— Area, 47,000 square miles. 

Dutchess ..64,939 Livingston39,546 Otsego 50,166 Steuben ...66 

Erie 141,973 Madison ...43,586 Putnam. ..14, 002 Suffolk ... .43 

Essex 28,214 Monroe ..100,659 Queens.. ..57,391 Sullivan ..32 

Franklin. .30,836 Montgo'ry. 30,^67 Rensselaer86,325 Tioga 28 

Fulton 24,162 N. York .813,668 Richmond. 25,493 Tompkins. 31 

Genesee. ..32,189 Niagara ...50,399 Rockland. .22,492 Ulster 76 

Greene 31,930 Oneida .. .105,201 St. Law'e .83,689 Warren ...21 

Hamilton . 3,024 Onondaga .90,687 Saratoga ..51,732 Washing'n45 

Herkimer. 40,560 Ontario. ...44,566 Schenec'y. 20,002 Wayne.. ..47, 

Jefferson. .69,828 Orange.. ..63,814 Schoharie. 34, 469 Westc'ter.99 

Kings. ...279,125 Orleans .. .28,717 Schuyler. .18,840 Wyoming. 31 

Lewis 28,581 Oswego.. .75,960 Seneca.... 28,139 Yates 20 



Total 

NEW JERSEY.- 

Atlantic. ..11,786 Cumberl'd. 22,605 

Bergen.... 21, 618 Essex 98,875 

Burlington49,730 Gloucester 18,444 

Camden. ..34, 457 Hudson. ...62,717 
Cape Mav. 7,130 Total... 

PENNSYLVANIA, 

Adams.... 28,012 Centre 27,100 

Al!eghanyl78,835 Chester. ...74,578 

Armstrong35,797 Clarion. ...24, 994 

Beaver. ...29,144 Clearfield .18,758 

Bedford. ...26,737 Clinton ,...17,723 

Berks 93,819 Columbia. .25,065 

Blair 27,829 Crawford. .48,755 

Bradford ..48,735 Cumr.erl'd. 40,098 

Bucks 63,578 Dauphin ..46,757 

Butler 35,596 Delaware. .30,597 

Cambria ..29,156 Elk 5,915 

Cameron .. ( New Erie 49,431 

County.) Favette.. ..39,909 

Carbon.. ..21.033 Forest 898 

DELAWARE. 

Kent 27,801 Newcastle 54,800 Sussex. '...29',617 



762 
157 
967 
291 
3,880,735 



-Area, 3,320 square miles 

Hunterdon33,654 Morris 34,679 Somerset. .22, 

Mercer 37,411 Ocean 11,176 Sussex. ...23 

Middlesex. 34,810 Passaic. .29,013 Warren.. .28 

Monmouth39,345 Salem 22,458 Union 27 



—Area, 

Franklin. .42 
Fulton . 
Greene. ...24 
Huut'gdon 28, 
Indiana ...33 
Jeffersoc.18 
Juniata ...16 
Lancasterll6 
Lawrence .22 
Lebanon ..31 
Lehigh.... 43 
Luzerne. ..90 
Lyconvng.37 

Total 2,906 

Area, 2,120 square miles 



46,000 square miles, 

,128 McKean... 8,859 Snyder. ...15, 

131 Mercer 36,857 Somerset .26, 

343 Mifflin ....16,341 Sullivan. ...5 

101 Monroe. ...16,759 Susqueh'a.36 

687 Montgo'ry. 70,500 Tioga 31 

,269 Montour ..13,053 Union 14 

986 North'pton47,904 Venango ..25 

,315 North'l'd.. 28,892 Warren ...19 

Perry 22,794 Washing'n46 

Philad'ia. 565,531 

Pike 7,155 



831 

,754 
243 Potter. 



Wayne.. ..3i 

Westm'l'dSS, 

.11,470 Wyoming. 12, 



398 Schuylkill 89,515 York. 



Total.... 112,218 



100 



ABSTRACT OF THE POPULATION OF 



MARYLAND.— Area, 11,124 square miles. 

Alleghan v. 28,348 Carroll. ...24, 532 Frederick .40,576 Montgo'rv. 18,322 Somerset. .24.992 

Anne Arun23,901 Cecil 23,fc63 Harford.. .23,415 Prince Geo23,327 Talbot 14,795 

Baltimore266,554 Charles. ..16,517 Howard .. .13,338 Q.u. Anne. .15, 961 Wash'ton .31,414 

Calvert.. ..10,447 Dorchester20,461 Kent 13,267 St. Mary's 15,124 Worcester 20,661 

Caroline ..11,129 Total 687,034 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.— Area, 60 square miles. 

Washington.. 75,076 

VIRGINIA.— Area, 61,352 square miles. 



Accomack. 18,586 
Albemarle 26,625 
Alexand'ial2,652 
Alleghany. 6,765 
Amelia.. ..10,753 
Amherst .. 13,743 
Appomat'X 8,887 
Augusta.. .27,750 
Barbour.. ..8,959 

Bath 3,676 

Bedford.. .25,068 
Berkeley. ..12,523 

Boone 4,640 

Botetourt.. 11,516 
Braxtou.... 4,992 

Brooke 5,494 

Brur.swickl4,SU 
Buchanan ..2,793 
Buck'ham. 15,212 

Cabell 8,020 

Calhoun. ...2,502 
Campbell. .26,197 
Caroline.. 18,465 

Carroll 8,012 

Chas. City. 5,609 
Charlotte. .14,469 
Chesterfd 19,017 
Clarke.... 7,146 

Clay 1,787 

Craig 3,553 



Culpepper .12,064 
CumberPd. 9,961 
Dinwiddie.30,198 
Doddridge. 5,203 
Eliz. City.. 5,798 

Essex 10.469 

Fairfax. ..11,835 
Fauquier.. 21, 704 

Favette 5,997 

Floyd 8,236 

Fluvanna. .10,353 
Franklin. .20,098 
Frederick. 16,547 

Giles 6,883 

Gilmer.... 3,759 
Gloucesterl0,956 
Goochland 10,656 
Grayson .. 6,252 
Greenbrierl2,210 
Greene.... 5,025 
Greenville 6,374 
Halifax.. .26,521 
Hampsh'r. 13,913 
Hancock... 4,445 
Hanover. ..17,225 
Hardy .... 9,864 
Harrison. .13, 790 
Henrico. ..61, 616 

Henry 12,105 

Highland.. 4,319 



Isle of W't 9,9; 
Jackson... 8,306 
Jas. City.. 5,793 
Jefferson. .14, 575 
Kanawha. .1C, 150 
K'g& Q'n. 10,331 
King Geo. ..6, 571 
King Wm. 8,529 
Lancaster. 5,151 

Lee 11,032 

Lewis 7,999 

Logan 4,938 

Loudon. ...21, 772 

Louisa 16,698 

Lunenb'g.. 11,984 
McDowell. .1,535 
Madison.. ..8,854 
Marion... .12,721 
Marshall. .13,001 

Mason 9,185 

Matthews. 7,091 
Meckl'b'g .20,096 
Mercer.... 6,818 
Middlesex. 4,364 
Monong'a .13,048 
Monroe. ...10, 757 
Montgo'ry.10,615 
Morgan.... 3,731 
Nansem'd. 13.693 
Nelson. ...13, 015 



New Kent. .5,884 Rock'g'm.. 23,408 

Nicholas.. .4,626 Russell.. .10,160 

Norfolk. ..36,158 Scott 12,072 

North'pton 7,832 Shenaud'h 13,696 

North'land 7,530 Smyth 8,952 

Nottoway. 8,836 South'ptonl2,914 

Ohio 22,422 Spottsyl'a. 16,076 



Orange 10,706 

Page 8,109 

Patrick.... 9,359 
Pendleton. 6.165 
Pittsylv'a. 32,104 
Pleasants . 2,945 



Stafford ... 8,555 

Surry 6,133 

Sussex.... 10,175 

Tavlor 7,463 

Tazewell.. 9,920 
Tucker.... 1.428 



Pocahontas 3,958 Tyler 6,517 

Powhatan. 8,391 Upshur 7,292 



Preston ...13,312 
Pr'ce Ed'd 11,844 
Pr'ceGeo.. 8,410 
Pr'ce Wm. 8,565 
Pr'c'ss A'e 7,714 
Pulaski ... 5,416 
Putnam... 6,301 
Raleigh ... 3,367 
Randolph.. 4,990 
Rappah'k.. 8,850 
Richmond. 6,856 
Ritchie.... 6.847 

Roane 5,382 

Roanoke .. 8,048 
Rockb'dge. 17,250 



Warren... 6,442 
Warwick.. 1,740 
Wash'ton .16,893 
Wayne.... 6,747 
Webster .. 1,555 
Westm'ld. 8,282 
Wetzel.... 6,793 

Wirt 3,751 

Wise 4,508 

Wood 11,046 

Wyoming. 2,S€5 
Wythe.... 12,305 
"York 4,946 

Total. .1,596,079 



NORTH CAROLINA.— Area, 50,704 square miles. 



Alamance 


11.653 


Cherokee. 


. 9,166 


Halifax .. 


.19,441 


Mec'lenb'gl7,374 


Row&n.. . 


.14,566 


Alexander 


. 6,022 


Chowan.. 


. 6,842 


Harnett.. 


8.039 


Montgo'ry. 7,649 


Rutherfordll,573 


Alleghany 


. 3,590 


Cleavelan 


dl2,348 


Havwood. 


. 5,601 


Moore 11,427 


Sampson . 


.16,623 


Anson.. .. 


.13,664 


Columbus 


. 8,597 


Henderson 


10,448 


Nash 11,688 


Stanly ... 


. 7,601 


Ashe 


. 7,956 


Craven... 


.16,273 


Hertford. 


9,504 


N. Han'v'rlo,430 


Stokes ... 


.10,402 


Beaufort . 


.14,779 


Cumberl'd 16,369 


Hyde 


. 7,724 


North'pt*nl3,376 


Surry .... 


.10,379 


Bertie 


14,311 


Currituck 


. 7,416 


Iredell... 


15,347 


Onslow.... 8,856 


Tvrrel .. 


. 4,943 


Bladen... 


11,995 


Davidson 


.16,601 


Jackson.. 


5.528 


Orange. ...16,949 


Union.... 


.11,202 


Brunswick .8,405 


Davie ... 


. 8,494 


Johnson.. 


.15.657 


Pasquotank 6,940 


Wake.... 


.28,627 


Buncombe. 12,654 


Duplin... 


.15,766 


Jones 


. 5,730 


Perquimans7,248 


Warren.. 


.15,726 


Burke 


9,237 


Edgecomb.17,376 


Lenoir ... 


.10,211 


Person.. ..11,221 


Wash'tca 


. 6,357 


Cabarrus. 


.10,546 


Forsvth .. 


.12,691 


Lillington 


. 6,265 


Pitt 16.080 


Watacga 


. 4,957 


Caldwell. 


. 7,492 


Franklin. 


.14,110 


Lincoln .. 


. 8,195 


Polk 4,043 


Wayne.. 


.14,906 


Camden.. 


. 5,343 


Gaston... 


. 9,310 


McDowell 


. 7,120 


Randolph. .16,793 


Wilkes.. 


.14,749 


Carteret . 


. 8,185 


Gates .... 


. 6,444 


Macon.... 


. 6,004 


Richmond. 11, 009 


Wilson.. 


. 9,720 


Caswell.. 


16,215 


Granville 


.23,396 


Madison . 


. 5,908 


Robeson.. .15,490 


Yadkin.. 


.10,718 


Catawba. 


.10,730 


Greene... 


. 7,925 


Martin... 


.10,189 


Rock'gh'ml6,746 


Yancey.. 


. 8,655 



Chatham ..19,105 Guilford ..20,056 Total 992,667 

SOUTH CAROLINA.— Area, 29,385 square miles. 

Abbeville. .32,385 Chesterfd. 11,634 Georgeto'n21,305 Lexington. 15,579 Richland ..18,334 

Anderson. .22,872 Clarendon. 13, 0a9 Greenville 21,891 Marion. ...21, 190 Sparta nb'g26, 920 

Barnwell.. 30, 743 Colleton ..30,915 Horry 7,964 Marlboro' .12,434 Sumter .. ..23,660 

Beaufort. .40,052 Darlington20,343 Kershaw. .13.169 Newberrv. 20,879 Union 19,635 

Charlestonei.105 Edgefield-.. 39,667 Lancaster. 11, 797 Orangeb'g.24,896 Wil'msb'g 15,469 

Chester. ..18,123 Fairfield ..22,111 Laurens. ..23,858 Pickens. ..19,639 Yorl; 21,503 

Total 703,612 

GEORGIA.— Area, 58,000 square miles. 



Appling, 
Baker.. . 
Baldwin 
Banks .. 
Berrien. 
Bibb.. ., 
Brooks .. 
Bryan.. 



..4,190 
...4,985 
....9,078 
....4,707 
, ..3,471 
..16,291 

...6,356 
...4,013 



Bullock. ...5,668 

Burke 17,165 

Butts 6,455 

Calhoun. ...4,913 
Camden ....5,420 
Campbell ..8,301 
Carroll.. ..11.991 
Cass 15,724 



Catoosa ....5,0! 
Charlton ...1,780 
Chatham. .31,043 
Chattooga. 7,165 
Chattah'ie .5,806 
Cherokee ..11,291 

Clarke 11,225 

Clay 4,-j3 



ClaytoB ... 4,466 

Clinch 3,063 

Cobb 14,241 

Coffee 2,679 

Colowitt.. 1,316 
Columbia .11,660 

Coweta 14.703 

Crawford.. 7,693 



Dade 3.069 

Dawson... 3,!-57 
Decatur.. .11,923 
De Kalb... 7,607 

Dooly 8,915 

Dougherty. 8,295 

Early 6,158 

Echols 1,49-1 





THE UNITED STATE9 OF AMEEICA. 




101 


Effingham 


..4,756 


Harris... 


.13,736 


Madison... 5,933 


Pulaski ... 8,744 


Towns .. 


. 2,459 


Elbert.... 


.10,433 


Hart 


. 6,137 


Marion.... 7,390 


Putnam.. .10,130 


Troup... 


.16,259 


Emanuel. 


. 5,031 


Heard.... 


. 7,605 


Meriwefr. 15,329 


Quitman.. 3,499 


Twiggs.. 


.. 8,320 


Fannin ... 


. 5,140 


Henry.... 


.10,702 


Miller 1,791 


Rabun .... 3,271 


Union ... 


.. 4,413 


Favette... 


. 7,047 


Houston.. 


.15,613 


Milton .... 4,602 


Randolph.. 9,571 


Upson... 


. 9,910 


Floyd .... 


.15,195 


Irwin .... 


. 1,699 


Mitchell .. 4,308 


Richmond. 21,284 


Walker . 


..10,082 


Forsyth.. 


. 7,749 


Jackson.. 


10,605 


Monroe. ...15, 953 


Schley 4,633 


Walton .. 


.11,072 


Franklin. 


. 7,393 


Jasper . . . 


10,743 


Montgo'ry. 2,997 


Scriven ....8,274 


Ware ... 


.. 2.200 


Fulton... 


14,4-27 


Jefferson . 


10,219 


Morgan.... 9,998 


Spalding... 8,699 


Warren . 


. 9,820 


Gilmer... 


. 6,722 


Johnson.. 


. 2,919 


Murray 7,083 


Stewart. ..13, 423 


Washing 


nl2,096 


Glascock. 


. 2,437 


Jones 


. 9,107 


Muscogee. .16,584 


Sumter 9,428 


Wayne.. 


.. 2,269 


Glynn.... 


. 3,889 


Laurens.. 


. 6,998 


Newton ...14,323 


Talbot ....13,617 


Webster. 


.. 5,030 


Gordon... 


.10,146 


Lee 


. 7,176 


Oglethorp .11,549 


Taliaferro. 4,583 


White .. 


. 3,314 


Greene.. . 


.12,649 


Liberty... 


. 8,369 


Paulding.. 7,038 


Tatnall ....4,352 


Whitfield 


.10,047 


Gwinnett. 
Habersha 


.12,940 
tq 5,966 


Lincoln.. 
Lowndes. 


. 5,466 
. 5,249 


Pickens ... 4,951 
Pierce 1,973 


Tavlor 6,000 

Telfair 2,713 


Wik-ox.. 


...2,115 


Wilkes.. 


..11,420 


Hall 


. 9,366 


Lumpkin. 


. 4,626 


Pike 10,0*6 


Terrell 6,237 


Wilkinson .9,376 


Hancock.. 


.12,044 


Mcintosh. 


. 5,546 


Polk 6,295 


Thomas.. .10,767 


Worth... 


..2,763 


Haralson. 


. 3,039 


Macon ... 


. 8,449 


Total 




1.057,329 




FLORIDA 


.—Area, 59,268 square miles. 




Alachua.. 


..8,234 


Escambia 


..5,768 


Jackson.. .10,199 


Marion.... 8,610 


Sumter.. 


..1,549 


Brevard 


^246 


Franklin . 


..1,904 


Jefferson.. 9,876 


Monroe.... 2,912 


Suwanee 


..1,388 


(St. Lucie 


Gadsden.. 


..9,396 


Lafayette . 2,068 


Nassau ... 3,654 


Taylor .. 


...1,384 


Calhoun.. 


..1,446 


Hamilton 


..4,154 


Leon 12.335 


New River. 4, 655 


Volusia. 


..1,158 


Clay 


..1,914 


Hernando 


j- 1.200 


Levy 1,782 


Orange.... 967 


Wakulla 


..2,635 


Columbia 


..4,727 


(Benton) 


Liberty.... 1,457 


Putnam ....2,712 


Walton. 


..3,037 


Dade 


.. 83 


Hillsboro' 


..2,981 


Madison... 7,779 


St. John's. .3,039 


Washing 


n 2,154 


Duval.... 


..5,095 


Holmes... 


..1,386 


Manatee .. 854 


Santa Rosa 5,481 


Total... 


140,439 


ALABAMA- Area, 50,722 square miles. 




Autauga . 


.16,739 


Clarke ... 


.15,049 


Hanc'k(dropped) 


Marion.. ..11, 180 


St. Clair 


.11,012 


Baldwin.. 


..7,533 


Coffee.... 


..9,623 


Henry ....14,917 


Marshall ..11,472 


Shelby.. 


.12,618 


Barbour.. 


.30,815 


Conecuh . 


.11,311 


Jackson. ..18,284 


Mobile. ...41, 131 


Sumter.. 


..24,035 


Benton(dropped) 


Coosa .... 


.19,272 


Jefferson. ..11, 744 


Monroe.. ..15, 669 


Talladega 


.23,520 


Bibb 


.11,894 


Covington 


. 6,469 


Lauderd*lel7,420 


Montgo'ry. 35,905 


Tallapoosa23,827 


Blount ... 


.10,665 


Dale 


.12,227 


Lawrence. 13, 976 


Morgan.. ..11,331 


Tusc'loosa23,202 


Butler.... 


.18,122 


Dallas ... 


.33,625 


Limestone 15,304 


Perry 27,727 


Walker . 


. 7,960 


Calhoun.. 


.21,539 


De Kalb.. 


.10,705 


Lowndes. .27, 718 


Pickens ...22,319 


Washing 


n 4,669 


Chambers 


.23,214 


Fayette.. 


.12,850 


Macon ....26,834 


Pike 24,436 


Wilcox.. 


..24,618 


Cherokee. 


.18,360 


Franklin . 


.18,628 


Madison ..26,450 


Randolph. .20,059 


Winston. 


.. 3,576 


Choctaw . 


.18,887 


Greene. . . 


.30.859 


Marengo ..31.194 


Russell. ...26,593 


Total... 


964,296 


MISSISSIPPI.- 


Area, 47,156 square 


miles. 




Adams... 


.20,165 


Covington 


. 4,408 


Jefferson. .15, 349 


Neshoba.. 8,343 


Sunflowe 


r. 5,019 


Amite.... 


.12,336 


De Soto .. 


.23,336 


Jones 3,323 


Newton.... 9,661 


Tallah'tc 


e 7,892 


Attala ... 


.14,168 


Franklin. 


. 8,265 


Kemper ...11,682 


Noxubee. .20,666 


Tippah.. 


.22,550 


Bolivar.. 


.10,471 


Greene... 


. 2,232 


La Fayettel6,l35 


Oktibbeha.12,982 


Tishem'g 


24,149 


Calhoun.. 


. 9.518 


Hancock.. 


. 3,139 


Lauderd'lel3,313 


Panola. ...13,794 


Tunica.. 


. 4,367 


Carroll... 


.22,038 


Harrison . 


. 4,819 


Lawrence . 9,213 


Perry 2,606 


Warren. 


.20,710 


Chickasawl6.4:28 


Hinds.... 


.31,342 


Leake 9,324 


Pike 11,135 


Washing 


nlo.679 


Choctaw. 


.15,740 


Holmes .. 


.17,794 


Lowndes. ..23,625 


Pontotoc. .22, 114 


Wayne.. 


.. 3,691 


Claiborne 


.15,680 


Isaquena 


. 7,831 


Madison ..23,382 


Rankin.. ..13,637 


Wilkinsonl5,235 


Clarke... 


.10.771 


Itawamba 


.17,695 


Marion.... 4,686 


Scott 8,140 


Winston 


. 9,811 


Coahoma. 


. 6,606 


Jackson .. 


. 4,1-22 


Marshall.. 28,820 


Simpson... 6,080 


Yallab'sh 


al6,980 


Copiah... 


.15,399 


Jasper ... 


.11,007 


Monroe. ...21 ,283 


Smith 7,633 


Yazoo... 


.22,373 






Total 








791,396 


LOUISIANA.— Area, 41,255 square miles. 




Ascension 


11,486 


Carroll ... 


.18,053 


Jefferson. .15.372 


Rapides ...25,360 


St. Tam'ny 5,406 


Assumpt' 


alo.379 


Catahoula 


.11,652 


La Fayette 9,003 


Sabine.... 5,828 


Tensas.. 


.16,080 


Avoyelles 


.13,166 


Claiborne 


.16,546 


La Fourc'el4,044 


St. Bernard 4,076 


Terre Bo' 


e 12,090 


B. Roug.E 


.16,046 


Concordia 


.13,805 


Livingston 4,431 


St. Charles.5,297 


Union .. . 


.10,390 


B. Roug.W 7,312 


De Soto .. 


.13,299 


Madison ..14,133 


St. Helena .7,130 


Vermillion 4,324 


Bienville. 


.11,000 


Felie'a, E 


14,696 


Morehousel0,357 


St. James .11,504 


Washita 


...4,727 


Bossier.. 


.12,628 


Felic'a,\V.ll,671 


Natchito'sl6,697 


St. J'n Bap. 7,932 


Washing 


n. 4,708 


Caddo.... 


.12,140 


Franklin 


. 6,162 


Orleans. .174,288 


St. Landry23,100 


Winn... 


..6,876 


Calcasieu 


. 5.928 


Iberville. 


.14.6G1 


PlaquemineS, 493 


St. M'tin'sl2,677 


Opelonsas. 23,104 


Caldwell. 


. 4.833 


Jackson .. 


. 9,812 


P't Coupeel7,720 


St. Mary's 16,812 


Total... 


709,290 




TEXAS.- 


■Area, 237,504 


square miles. 




Anderson 


.10,397 


Bell 


. 4,800 


Burleson .. 5,683 


Clay 109 


Culloch (not or.) 


Angelica. 


. 4,271 


Bexar.... 


.14,454 


Burnett ... 2,488 


Colem*n(not or.) 


Dallas... 


...8,665 


Archer, (not or.) 


Blanco.. . 


. 1,281 


Calahan(not or.) 


Collin 9,266 


Dawson .. 


... 281 


▲ ttacosta 


. 1,580 


Bosque.. , 


. 2,005 


Caldwell.. 4,481 


Colorado.. 7,885 


Denton.. 


...5,030 


Austin... 


.10,139 


Bowie.. .. 


. 5,052 


Calhoun... 2,642 


Comal 4,030 


De Witt. 


...5,107 


Bandera.. 


. 399 


Brazoria. 


. 7.143 


Cameron ...6.030 


Comanche.. 709 


Dim'itt.( 


lot or.) 


Bastrop.. 


. 5,726 


Brazos.. . 


. 2,776 


Cass 8,411 


Conchos(not or.) 


Duval. .(not e-r.) 


Baylor. .(r 


ot or.) 


Brown.. . 


. 244 


Chambers. 1,508 


Cook 2,760 


Eastland. 


... 99 


Bee 


.. 910 


Buchanan 


. 230 


Cherokee. .12.098 


Coryell ....2,666 


Edwar's(not or.) 





102 




ABSTRACT OF THE POPULATION OF 




Ellis 


.5,246 


Haskell (not or.) 


La Salle(notor.) 


Nueces... 


..2,907 


Throckmor'n 124 


El Paso .. 


..4,051 


Hays 


..2,058 


Lavacca.. 


..5,948 


Orange... 


..1,916 


Titus.... 


..9,648 


Encinal... 


.. 43 


Hendersor 


..4,595 


Leon 


.6,781 


Palo Pinto 


..1,524 


Travis .. 


...8,080 




.2,425 


Hidalgo .. 
Hill 




Liberty.. 
Limestone 


.3,189 
..4,537 




..8,475 
.4,214 


Trinity . 
Tyler.. .. 


..4.39Q 
..4,525 


Falls 


.3,614 


..3,653 


Parker... 


Fannin... 


.9,217 


Hopkins.. 


..7,745 


Liveoak.. 


. 593 


Polk 


..8,298 


Upshur.. 


.10,645 


Fayette .. 


11,604 


Houston.. 


..8,058 


Llano.... 


.1,101 


Presidio.. 


.. 680 


Uvalde... 


.. 506 


Fort Bend. 


..6,143 


Hunt 


..6,654 


McLennan 


.6.206 


Red River 


..8,534 


Van Zandt. 3.778 


Freestone 


.6,881 


Jack 


..1,000 


M'Mul'n(notor.) 


Refugio.. 


..1,594 


Victoria. 


.n5,676 


Frio 


.. 40 




..2,612 




..2,238 


Robertson 


..4.997 


Walker. 


..8.191 


Galveston 


..8,177 


Jasper... 


..4,041 


Marion... 


..3,979 


Ru'nells(not or.) 


Washing 


nl5,215 




..5,444 




..1,994 




.. 630 


Rusk 


.15,808 


Webb... 


..1,446 


Gillespie. 


.2,736 


Johnson.. 


..4,305 


Matagorda 


..2,910 


Sabine ... 


..2,750 


Wharton 


...3,380 


Goliad.... 


..3,383 


Jones. ..(not or.) 


Maverick 


.. 728 


San Aug'e 


..4,094 


Wichita( 


not or.) 


Gonzales. 


.8,050 


Karnes... 


..2,171 


Medina... 


..1,838 


San Patri 


mo 620 


Wilb'er( 


not or.) 


Grayson.. 


..8,187 


Kaufman. 


..3,936 


Menard. (n 


ot or.) 


San Saba. 


.. 913 


Williams 


•n 4,529 


Grimes'... 


10,307 


Kemble (not or.) 


Milam.... 


..5,175 


Shackelford 44 


Wise.... 


..3,160 


Hamilton. 


.. 489 


Kerr 


.. 634 


Montague. 


.. 849 


Shelby ... 


..5,362 


Wood.... 


..4,968 


Hard'an'not or.) 


Kinney... 


.. 61 


Montgo'ry 


..5,479 


Smith.... 


.13,395 


Young... 


... 592 


Hardin... 


. 1,353 


Knox., (not ( 




3.8,293 


Starr 


..2,406 


Za Patta. 


..1,248 


Harris... 


.7,710 


Lamar ... 


.10,136 


Navarro.. 


..5,997 


Tarrant.. 


..6,020 


Zavalla.. 


.. 26 


Harrison. 


15,001 


Lampasas 


..1,028 


Newton... 


.3,123 


Taylor, (not or.) 


Total.... 


602,432 


ARKANSAS.— Area, 52,198 square miles. 




Arkansas 


..8,844 


Crawford 


..7,850 


Izard 


..7,215 


Newton.. 


..3,393 


Saline... 


..6,640 


Ashley... 
Benton.. . 


.8,590 
.9,305 


Crittender 
Dallas... 


..4,919 
..8,287 


Jackson.. 
Jefferson . 


10,493 
14,977 




..2,465 


Scott.... 
Searcy .. 


..5,145 
...5,271 


Philips... 


.14,878 


Bradley.. 


.8.388 


Desha ... 


..6,458 


Johnson.. 


..7,612 


Pike 


..4,025 


Sebastian 


..9,238 


Calhoun.. 


..4,103 


Drew.... 


..9,079 


La Fayette. 8,466 


Poinsett.. 


..3,621 


Sevier... 


.10,516 


Carroll... 


..9,383 


Franklin. 


. .7,299 


Lawrence 


.9,349 


Polk 


..4,262 


Union... 


.12,288 


Chicot ... 


9,231 


Fulton ... 


..4,024 


Madison.. 


..7,740 


Pope 


..7,867 


Van Buren.. 5,357 


Clark.... 


..9,733 


Greene.. . 


. .5,844 


Marion... 


..6,192 


Prairie.. . 


..8,854 


Washing' 


nl4,673 


Columbia 


..2,451 


Hempsteadl3,991 


Mississipp 


i.3,895 


Pulaski .. 


.11,700 


Washita. 


.12,936 


Conway.. 


..6,698 


Hot Sprin 


g. 5,635 


Monroe .. 


..5,657 


Randolph. 


..6,261 


White... 


...8,316 


Craighead 


..3,066 


Independ* 


; 14,308 


Montgo'ry 


..3,633 




s.8,673 


Yell 


...6,333 






435,427 


TENNESSEE.— Area, 45,600 square miles. 


Anderson. 


..7,068 


De Kalb.. 


.10,573 


Hendersonl4,491 


Marshall. 


.14,592 


Sevier .. 


. 9,122 


Bedford... 


.21,584 


Dickson.. 


..9,982 


Henry ... 


.19,133 


Maury ... 


.32,498 


Shelby.. 


.48,091 


Benton ... 


..8,463 


Dyer 


.10,536 


Hickman. 


. 9,312 


Meigs .... 


. 4,667 


Smith... 


.16,357 


Bledsoe .. 


..4,459 


Fayette.. 


.24,329 


Humphreys 9,100 


Monroe.. 


.12,607 


Stewart. 


. 9,888 


Blount ... 


.13,272 


Fentress.. 


. 5,054 


Jackson .. 


.11,725 


Montgo'ry.20,895 


Sullivan 


.13,553 


Bradley .. 


.11.701 


Franklin. 
Gibson... 


.13,848 


Jefferson. 


16,042 


Morgan.. 


. 3,353 


Sumner . 


.22,030 


Campbell. 


..6,712 


.21,783 


Johnson.. 


5,018 


Obion 


.12,817 


Tipton... 


..10,704 


Cannon .. 


..9,509 


Giles 


.26,166 


Knox 


.22,812 


Overton.. 


.12,637 


Union.... 


. 6,117 


Carroll... 


17,518 


Granger.. 


.10,962 


Lauderdal 


e 7,562 


Perry .... 


. 6,042 


Van Buren 2,581 


Carter.... 


..7.124 


Greene.. . 


.18,964 


Lawrence 


. 9,319 


Polk 


. 8,726 


Warren. 


.11,147 


Chatham. 


..7,258 


Grundy.. 


. 3,094 


Lewis.... 


2,241 


Putnam .. 


. 8,558 


Washing 


nl4,846 


Claiborne 


..9.644 


Hamilton 


.13,259 


Lincoln .. 


22,828 


Rhea 


. 4,991 


Wayne.. 


.. 9,115 


Cocse.... 


.10,408 


Hancock. 


. 7,021 


McMinn .. 


.13,553 


Roane.... 


.13,585 


Weakley 


..18,216 








McNairy. 
Macon ... 


.14,732 
. 7,290 




.15,265 
d27,918 


White .. 


. 9,381 
n23,627 


Cumberl'nd3,460 


Hardin... 


.11,214 


Rutherfor 


Will'mso 


Davidson. 


.47,054 


Hawkins. 


.16,141 


Madison.. 


.21,535 


Scott 


. 3,519 


Wilson.. 


..26,072 


Decatur.. 


..6.277 


Havwood 


.19,232 


Marion... 


. 6,190 


Sequatchie 2,120 


Total. .1,109,847 


KENTUCKY.— Area, 37,680 square miles. 




Adair .... 


. 9,509 


Clark.... 


.11,484 


Harlan.. . 


. 5,494 


McCrack' 


nl0,360 


Pike.... 


. 7,384 


Allen .... 


. 9,187 


Clay 


. 6.652 


Harrison. 


.13,779 


McLean.. 


. 6,146 


Powell.. 


. 2,257 


Anderson. 


. 7,404 


Clinton.. 


. 5,781 


Hart 


.10,348 


Madison . 


.17,207 


Pulaski . 


.17,203 


Ballard... 


. 8,693 


Crittende 


n 8,796 


Hendersonl4,262 


Magoffin . 


. 3,484 


Rock Castle5,343 


Barren... 


.16,665 


Cumberl'd 7,340 


Henry ... 


.11,950 


Marion . . 


.12,605 


Rowan.. 


. 2,282 


Bath 


.12,113 


Daviess . 


.15,549 


Hickman. 


. 7,011 


Marshall. 


. 6,984 


Russell.. 


.. 6,024 


Boone.. .. 


.11,197 


Edmondson 4,647 


Hopkins.. 


.11,875 


Mason.. . 


.18,223 


Scott.... 


.14,417 


Bourbon.. 


.14,859 


Estill.... 


. 6,886 


Jackson .. 


. 3,087 


Mead 


. 8,898 


Shelby.. 


.16,436 


Boyd 


..6,044 


Fayette .. 


.22,599 


Jefferson. 


89,405 


Mercer.. 


.13,701 


Simpson 


. 8,146 


Bovle.. .. 


..9,305 


Fleming . 


.12,488 


Jessamine 


. 9,466 


Metcalfe . 


. 6,745 


Spencer . 


.. 6,188 


Bracken.. 


.11,021 


Floyd.... 


.. 6.388 


Johnson.. 


. 5.30S 


Monroe.. 


. 8,551 


Taylor.. 


. 7,481 


Breathitt. 


. 4,980 


Franklin. 


.12,693 


Kenton... 


25,467 


Montgo'ry 


. 7,859 


Todd.... 


.11,575 


Breckinr'e 


13,237 


Fulton.. 


. 5,317 


Knox 


. 7,707 


Morgan.. 


. 9,238 


Trigg.... 


..11,052 


Bullitt... 


. 7,289 


Gallatin. 


. 5,056 


La Rue... 


. 6,891 


Muhlenb'g 10,725 


Trimble. 


. 6,880 


Butler.... 


. 7,927 


Garrard.. 


.10,530 


Laurel.. . 


5,488 


Nelson.. . 


.15,801 


Union.. . 


.12,791 


Caldwell. 


. 9,318 


Grant ... 


. 8.356 


Lawrence 


7,601 


Nicholas. 


.11.030 


Warren. 


.17,325 


Callawav. 


. 9,915 


Graves.. 


.16,234 


Letcher .. 


. 3,904 


Ohio 


. 12,208 


Washing 


nil, 575 


Campbell. 


.20,909 


Grayson. 


. 7,982 


Lewis.. .. 


. 8,361 


Oldham .. 


. 7,283 


Wayne.. 


10,258 


Carroll... 


. 6,578 


Green.. . 


. 8,805 


Lincoln .. 


.10,646 


Owen.. .. 


.12,721 


Web-ter 


. 7,583 


Carter.... 


. 8,516 


Greenup. 


. 8,759 


Livingston 7,202 


Owsley.. 


. 5,335 


Whitley 


. 7,762 


Casev .. .. 


. 6,465 


Hancock. 


. 6,213 


Logap.... 


.19,021 


Pendleton 


.10,443 


Woodford 


.11,228 


Christian 


.21.628 


Hardin.. 


.15,190 




. 5,309 


Perry ... 


. 3,950 


Total. .1,165,713 


' 



THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



103 



Adams. ...20,309 

Allen 19,185 

Ashland... 22,951 
Ashtahula.31,814 
Athens ....21,364 
Auglaize. .17, 188 
Belmont. ..36,438 
Brown ....29,956 

Butler 35,840 

Carroll. ...15,738 
Champ'ign22,698 

Clark 25,301 

Clermont. .33,037 
Clinton. ...21,462 
Columbi'a. 32,836 
Coshorton. 25,032 
Craw ford.. 23,880 
Cuyahoga .78,03c 



OHIO.— Area, 39,964 square miles. 



Darke.... 
Defiance . 
Delaware. 

Erie 

Fairfield . 
Fayette .. 
Franklin. 
Fulton... 
Gallia..., 
Geauga.. 
Greene... 
Guernsey 
Hamilton 
Hancock. 
Hardin.. 
Harrison. 
Henry ... 
Highland. 



.26,209 
.11,886 
.23,912 
.24,473 
30,538 
15,936 
50,373 
.14,044 
.22,045 
.15,817 
.26.197 
.24,474 
216,411 
.22,886 
.13,569 
.19,109 
8,901 
27,774 



Hocking.. 
Holmes .. 
Huron .... 
Jackson.., 
Jefferson.. 

Knox 

Lake 

Lawrence 
Licking .. 
Logan .... 
Lorain.. .. 
Lucas.... 
Madison .. 
Mahoning 
Marion.. . 
Medina... 
Meigs...., 
Mercer ... 



.17,059 
,20.589 
,29,899 
,17,941 
,26,117 
.27,735 
,15,576 
.23,254 
.37,011 
.20,997 
,29,745 
.25,831 
.13,015 
.25,895 
.15,490 
.22,517 
.26,534 
.14,105 



Miami 29,959 

Monroe. ...25,743 
Montgo'ry. 52,233 
Morgan ....22,117 
Morrow .. .20,445 
Musking'm44,417 

Noble 20,751 

Ottawa.... 7,017 
Paulding.. 4,945 

Terry 19,679 

Pickaway. 23, 469 

Pike 13,643 

Portage ...24,206 
Preble ....21,820 
Putnam. ..12,808 
Richland ..31,156 

Ross 35,071 

Total 



Sandusky .21,147 

Scioto 24,297 

Seneca 30,869 

Shelby. ...17,493 

Stark 42,976 

Summit.. .27,3-10 
Trumbull .30,656 
Tuscar'w'632,463 

Union 16,507 

Van Wert.10,238 
Vinton.. ..13,631 
Warren. ..26,908 
Washing'n36,271 
Wayne. ...32,483 
Wifliams .16,632 

Wood 17,886 

Wyando'tel5,596 
2,339,599 



MICHIGAN.— Area, 56,243 square miles. 



Alcona.... 185 
Allegan.. .16,087 
Alpena.... 290 
Antrim.... 179 



Delta 1,172 

Eaton 16,476 

Emmett... 1,149 
Genesee.. .22,498 



Barry 13,858 Gladwin .. 14 

Bay 3,164 GrandTrav.1,286 

Berrien ...22,376 Gratiot.... 4,042 

Branch .. .20,981 Hillsdale. .26,675 



Kal'mazoo24,645 
KaIc*ca(not or.) 

Kent 30,715 

Lake., .(not or.) 
Leelenaw.. 2,158 
La Peer. ..14,754 
Lenawee. .38,112 
Livingstonl6,852 



Calhoun. ..29,563 Houghton . 9,235 Macomb. ..22,843 



Cass 17,721 

Cheboygan 517 
Chippewa . 1,603 
Clare. ..(not or.) 
Clinton... .13,916 
Crawf'd(not or.) 



Huron .... 3,165 
Ingham ...17,435 

Ionia 16,682 

Iosco 175 

Isabella... 1,443 
Jackson. ..26,671 Midland 



Miss*k*e(notor.) Ottawa.. ..13,215 

Monroe.. ..21, 593 Presque Isle 26 

Montcalm. 3,968 Rosc'm'(not or.) 

Mont'cv(not or.) Saginaw ..12,693 

Muskeegon 3,947 St. Clair ..26,602 

Necosta... 970 St. Joseph. 21,262 

Newaygo.. 2,761 Sanilac... 7,601 

Oakland. ..38,261 Schiawas'el2,349 

Oceana.... 1,816 Schoolcraft 78 

Manistee.. 975 Ogem'w(not or.) Tuscola ... 4,886 

Manitou... 1,012 Ontonagon. 4,568 Van Burenlo,224 

Marquette. 2,821 Osceola... 27 Wash'naw35,688 

Mason.... 831 Oscoda. .(not or.) Wayne.. ..75,548 

Michilim'c 1,938 Otsego. .(not or.) Wexf*d.(not or. ) 



787 



Total 749,112 



Adams.... 9.574 

Allen 29,327 

Bartholo*wl7,915 
Benton.... 2,810 
Blackford.. 4,122 

Boone 16,754 

Brown .... 6,507 
Carroll.... 13,489 

Cass 16,843 

Clarke ....20,506 

Clay 12,160 

Clinton.. ..14,505 
Crawford.. 8,205 
Daviess. ..13,361 
Dearborn.. 24,406 
Decatur. ..17,294 
De Kalb... 13,880 



INDIANA.— Area, 33,809 square miles. 



Elkhart.. .20,£ 
Fayette ...10,186 

Floyd 20,182 

Fountain. .15,567 
Franklin.. 19,550 
Fulton .... 9,421 
Gibson. ...14,532 

Grant 15,779 

Greene.... 16,042 
Hamilton .17,310 
Hancock. .12,801 
Harrison. .18,421 
Hendricks. 16,953 

Henry 20,118 

Howard. ..12,524 
Huntingt'nl4,868 
Jackson. ..16,288 



Jefferson. .25,039 Noble 14,915 Stark 2,195 

Jennings. .14,754 Ohio 5,462 Steuben .. .10,374 

Johnson.. .14, 855 Orange.. ..12,076 Sullivan ..15,063 



Delaware .15,758 Jasper .... 4,292 
Dubois.... 10,394 Jav 11,399 



Knox 16,056 

Kosciusko. 17,424 
La Grange. 11, 365 

Lake 9,143 

La Porte. .22,921 
Lawrence .13,693 
Madison. ..16,514 
Marion.. 
Marshall 
Martin.. 
Miami .. 
Monroe.. 
Montgo'ry.20,889 
Morgan.. ..16,110 
Newton ... 2,360 



Owen 14,376 Switzerl'd. 12.698 

Parke 15,538 Tippecan'e25,765 

Perry 11,840 Tipton .... 8,171 



39,858 
12,722 
8,975 
16,851 
12,848 



Pike 10,079 

Porter 10,314 

Posey 16,166 

Pulaski ... 5,711 
Putnam ...20,681 
Randolph.. 18,997 
Ripley ....19,053 



Union 7,110 

Vanderb'g.20,554 
Vermillion 9,423 

Vigo 22,519 

Wabash. ..17,547 
Warren ...10,057 
Warrick. .13,263 



Rush 16,192 Washing'nl7,929 

St. Joseph. 18,455 Wayne.. ..29,558 

Scott 7,304 Wells 10,884 

Shelby. ...19,571 White 8.263 

Spencer ...14,556 Whitley ..10,731 



Total 1,350,941 

ILLINOIS. —Area, 55,405 square miles. 

Adams. ...41, 323 De Witt. ..10,819 Jackson ... 9,588 Macon ....13,735 Pulaski ... 3,950 

Alexander. 4,706 Douglas.. . 7,140 Jasper 8,372 Macoupin .24,602 Putnam... 5,587 

Bond 9,813 Du Page. ..14,711 Jefferson. .12,965 Madison ..31,215 Randolph. .17,205 

Boone 11,678 Edgar 16,925 Jersey 12,053 Marion ....12,733 Richland .. 9,711 

Brown .... 9,938 Edwards.. 5,454 Jo Daviess27,277 Marshall. .13,437 Rock Isl'd21,205 

Bureau.... 26,429 Effingham. 7,816 Johnson... 9.342 Mason 10,933 St. Clair. .37, 694 

Calhoun... 5,145 Fayette ...11,198 Kane 30,058 Massac... 6,214 Saline 9,331 

Carroll.... 11,733 Ford 1,979 Kankakee.15,416 

Cass 11,325 Franklin.. 9.393 Kendall ...13,074 

Champ'ignl4,628 Fulton ....33,299 Knox 28,663 

Christian. .10,493 Gallatin... 8,054 Lake 18,256 

Clarke ....14,987 Greene.... 16,093 La Salle ..48,332 

Clay 9,336 Grundy. ...10,379 Lawrence . 9,214 

Clinton... .10,941 Hamilton . 9,915 Lee 17,651 Ogle 22,887 Tazewell ..21,471 

Coles 14,200 Hancock. .29,061 Livingstonll,638 Peoria ....36,600 Union 11,182 

Cook 144,957 Hardin.... 3,748 Logan 14,276 Perry 9,552 Vermillionl9,80l 

Crawford. .11,551 Henderson 9,501 McDono'gh20,069 Piatt.... ^ 6,127 Wabash... 7,312 

Cumberl'd 8,311 Henry 20,658 McHenry.. 22,088 Pike 27,249 Warren . ..1S.336 

D« Kalb. ..19,086 Iroquois. ..12,324 McLean. ..28,749 Pope 6,742 Washing'nlS^l 



Menard.... 9,596 Sangamon. 32,255 

Mercer. ...15,042 Schuyler. .14,685 

Monroe.. ..12,832 Scott 9,070 

Montgo'ry.13,892 Shelby.. ..14,635 

Morgan.. ..22,113 Stark 9,004 

Moultrie.. 6,385 Stephens'n25,113 



104 




ABSTRACT 


OF THE POPULATION OF 


1 


Wavne... 


.12,233 


Whitesid' 


318,740 


Will*msonl2,205 


Winneb'go24,492 


Woodford 


13.282 


White ....12,403 Will 29,321 

WISCONSIN.-^ 


Total 






1, 


711,753 


\.rea, 53,924 square 


miles. 


Adams... 


. 6,497 


Dane 


.43,992 


Jefferson ..28,771 


Oconto .. . 


. 3,600 


Shawanan 


. 8,829 


Ashland.. 


. 513 


Dodge... 


.42,819 


Juneau.... 8,704 


Outagamie 9,588 


Sheboygan26,848 


Bad Ax.. 


.11,012 


Door 


. 2,948 


Kenosha ..13,516 


Ozaukee.. 


.15,674 


St. Croix. 


. 5,393 


Brown ... 


.11,797 


Douglas.. 


. 828 


Kewaunee 5,530 


Pepin 


. 2,397 


Trempleau 2,550 


Buffalo... 


. 3,865 


Dunn 


. 2,723 


La Crosse .12,194 


Pierce.... 


. 4,672 


Walworth.26,500 


Burnet... 


12 


Eau Claire 3,164 


La Fayettel8,141 


Polk 


. 1,412 


Washing' 


n 23, 635 


Calumet.. 


. 7,696 


F'd du Lac34,155 


La Pointe . 672 


Portage.. 


. 7.504 


Waukesha 26,849 


Chippewa 


. 1,895 


Grant ... 


.31,207 


Manit'woc 22,385 


Racine... 


.21,340 


Waupacca 8,855 


Clark .... 


. 789 


Green. ... 


.19,831 


Marathon . 2,934 


Richland. 


. 9.737 


Waushara 


. 8,772 


Columbia 


.24,445 


Gr'n Lake. 12,631 


Marquette. 8,236 


Rock 


.36,692 


Winneb'g 


023,769 




. 8,071 
13 

IO 




.18,998 






.18,894 




. 2,429 
775,873 


Dallas.... 


Jackson.. 

WA.- 


. 4,171 Monroe.... 6,398 Total 

Area, 50,914 square 




miles. 


Adair. ... 


. 984 


Clarke... 


. 5,4-27 


Hamilton . 1,699 


Madison . 


. 7,338 


Sac 


. 246 


Adams . . . 


. 1,533 


Clay 


52 


Hancock.. 179 


Mahaska. 


.14,816 


Scott 


.25,960 


Alamakee 


.12,236 


Clayton .. 


.20,728 


Hardin.... 5,440 


Marion.. . 


.16,815 


Shelby... 


. 818 


Appanoose 11,933 


Clinton.. 


.18,938 


Harrison.. 3,623 


Marshall. 


. 6,015 


Sioux.... 


10 


Audubon. 


. 454 


Crawford 


. 383 


Henrv ....18,700 


Mills 


. 4,480 


Story 


. 4,052 


Benton... 


. 8,502 


Dallas ... 


. 5,244 


Howard... 3,163 


Mitchell . 


. 3,409 


Tama .... 


. 5,285 


Bl'k Haw 


c 8,244 


Davis ... 


.13,764 


Humboldt. 332 


Monona .. 


. 632 


Taylor... 


. 3,589 


Boone ... 


. 4,231 


Decatur.. 


. 8,677 


Ida 43 


Monroe.. 


. 8,611 


Union .... 


. 2,012 


Bremer.. 


. 4,915 


Delaware 


.11,028 


Iowa 8,029 


Montgo'ry 


. 1,256 


Van Buren 17,083 


Buchanan 


. 7,906 


D'sMoinesl9,612 


Jackson. ..18,494 


Muscatine 


.16,444 


Wapello . 


.14,518 


Buena Vista 57 


Dickinson. 180 


Jasper .... 9,887 


Osceola. (not or.) 


Warren .. 


.10,282 


Bunc'be (not or.) 


Dubuque 


.31,165 


Jefferson. .15,037 


O'Brien .. 


8 


Washing' 


nl4,233 


Butler.... 


. 3,724 


Emmett.. 


. 105 


Johnson. ..17,572 


Page 


4,419 


Wayne.. 


. 6,411 


Calhoun.. 


. 147 


Fayette .. 


.12,073 


Jones 13,305 


Palo Alto. 


. 133 


Webster . 


. 2,504 


Carroll... 


. 281 


Flovd ... 


. 3,7~46 


Keokuk ...13,284 


Plymoutk 


. 148 


Winnebag 


o 168 


Cass 


. 1,612 


Franklin. 


. 1,309 


Kossuth... 416 


Pocahontas 103 


Winnesh'kl3,942 


Cedar .... 


.12,949 


Fremont . 


. 5,074 


Lee 29,232 


Polk 


11,625 


Woodbury 1,119 


Cerro Gordo 940 


Green ... 


. 1,374 


Linn 18,950 


Pottawat' 


e 4,962 


Worth.... 


. 756 


Cherokee. 


57 


Grundy. .. 


. 793 


Louisa 10,370 


Poweshiek 5,670 


Wright... 


. 653 


Chickasaw 4,338 


Guthrie .. 


. 3,058 


Lucas 5,766 


Ringgold. 


2,923 


Total... 


374,948 


MINNESOTA.-Area, 95,274 square 


miles. 




Aiken.... 


2 


Dakotah . 


. 9,093 


Kandiyoht. 76 


Nicollet.. 


. 3.773 


Sherburnt 


. 724 


Anoka ... 


. 2,106 


Dodge.... 


. 3,797 


Lake 248 


Noble.... 


35 


Sibley 


. 3,609 


Becker... 


. 366 


Douglass. 


. 195 


Le Sueur.. 6,318 


Olmstead. 


. 9,527 


Stearns.. 


. 4,505 


Benton... 


. 627 


Faribault 


. 1,335 


Mankahta. 


Otter Tail 


.. 240 


Steele.... 


. 2,863 


Blue Earth 4,802 


Fillmore. 


.13,543 


Manonin.. 136 


Pembina. 


1,612 


St. Louis. 


. 406 


Breckenri 


Ige 79 


Freeborn. 


. 3,367 


Martin.... 151 


Pierce ... 


10 


Todd 


. 430 


Brown ... 


. 2,339 


Goodhue . 


. 8,997 


McLeod ... 1,266 


Pine 


. 1,741 


Toombs.. 


40 


Buchanan 


26 


Hennepin 


.12,849 


Meeker.... 928 


Pipestone 


23 


Wabashaw 7,228 


Carleton . 


51 


Houston . 


. 6,645 


Mille Lac. 73 


Polk 


. 240 


Wahnata 


. 


Carver... 


. 5,106 


Isanti.... 


. 284 


Monongalia 350 


Ramsav.. 


.12,150 


Waseca.. 


. 2,601 


Cass 


. 150 


Itasca. ... 


51 


Morrison.. 618 


Benville . 


. 245 


Washing' 


a 6,123 


Chisago .. 


91 


Jackson.. 


. 181 


Mower.... 3,217 


Rice 


. 7,543 


Winona.. 


. 9,208 


Cottonwood 12 


Kanabac. 


30 


Murray... 29 


Scott 


4,594 


Wright... 


. 3,729 




g 269 












172,022 


J 


30URI.— Area, 67,380 square miles. 


Adair 


. 8,531 


Clav 


.13,025 


Howell.... 3,169 


Monroe .. 


14,785 


St. Charlesl6,525 


Andrew.. 


11,850 


Clinton.. 


. 7,848 


Iron 5,842 


Montgo'ry 


. 9,719 


St. Clair. 


. 6,809 


Atchison. 


4,649 


Cole 


. 9,696 


Jackson. ..22,914 


Morgan... 


. 8,202 


St. Francis 7,248 


Audrain.. 


. 8,074 


Cooper.. . 


.17,358 


Jasper .... 6,883 


N. Madrid 


. 5,653 


St. Genev 


e8,029 


Barry.... 


. 7,704 


Crawford 


. 5,827 


Jefferson. .10,344 


Newton .. 


. 9,325 


St. Louis. 


190,535 


Barton ... 


. 1,817 


Dade 


. 7,073 


Johnson. ..14,644 


Nodoway. 


. 5,253 


Saline.... 


.14,700 


Bates 


. 7,216 


Dallas ... 


. 5,892 


Knox 8,726 


Oregon.. . 


3,009 


Schuyler. 


. 6,697 


Benton... 


9,072 


Daviess .. 


. 9,605 


La Clede.. 5,160 


Osage.. .. 


7.879 


Scotland. 


8,673 


Bolinger . 


7,388 


De Kalb.. 


. 5,224 


La Fayette20,091 


Ozark.... 


2,447 


Scott 


. 5,247 


Boone.... 


19,487 


Dent 


. 5,654 


Lawrence. 8,847 


Pemiscot . 


2,961 


Shannen. 


2,284 


Buchanan 


23.861 


Dodge.. .. 




Lewis 12,286 


Perry 


9,128 


Shelby... 


7,301 


Butler.... 


. 2,891 


Douglass 


. 2,415 


Lincoln ...14,214 


Pettis .... 


9,492 


Stoddard. 


7,877 


Caldwell. 


5,034 


Dunklin.. 


. 5,026 


Linn 9,112 


Phelps.. . 


5,914 


Stur.e 


. 2,401 


Callaway. 


.17.445 


Franklin . 


.18,083 


Livingston 7,417 


Pike 


18,420 


Sullivan . 


9,198 


Camden .. 


. 4,975 


Gasconade 8,727 


McDonald. 4,049 


Platte.... 


18,341 


Taney.... 


. 3,576 


C. Gir'rd'i 


15,547 


Gentry ... 


.11,980 


Macon.. ..14,407 


Polk 


9,995 


Texas.... 


6,069 


Carroll... 


. 9,775 


Greene.. . 


13,166 


Madison... 5,664 


Pulaski .. 


3,843 


Vernon... 


4,779 


Carter ... 


1,234 


Grundy... 


. 7,895 


Maries.. .. 4,901 


Putnam., 


9,208 


Warren.. 


8,833 


Cass 


9,793 


Harrison . 


.10,627 


Marion.. ..18,828 


Ralls 


8,592 


Washing'n 9,725 


Cedar.... 


6,639 


Henry.... 


. 9,864 


Mercer.... 9,300 


Randolph. 


11,406 


Wayne... 


5.628 


Chariton . 


12,569 


Hickory.. 


. 4,705 


Miller 6,812 


Ray 


14,091 


Webster.. 


7,098 


Christian. 


. 5,491 


Holt 


. 6,550 


Mississippi 4,859 


Reynolds. 


3,173 


Wright... 


4,508 


Clark.. .. 


.11,684 


Howard.. 


15,949 


Moniteau. .10,064 


Ripley .... 


3,747 


Total. .1,182,317 



CALIFORNIA.— Area, 188,981 square miles. 



Alameda.. f,927 
Anador.... 10,933 

Butte 12,107 

Calaveras .16,302 

Colusi 2,274 

C'tra Costa 5,328 
Del Norte. 1,992 
El Dorado.20,562 
Fresno.... 4,605 



Benton. 



Humboldt. 2,694 
Klamath... 1,603 
L's Angel'611,336 

Marin 3,334 

Mariposa.. 6,243 
Mendocino 3,907 
Merced.... 1,141 
Monterey.. 4,739 
Napa 5,515 

OREGON. 

.3,074 Coos 



Nevada ...16,447 San Fran'o56,805 Stanislaus -J,24a 

Placer ....13,270 San Joaquin9,434 Sutter 3,390 

Plumas.... 4,363 S'n L's Ob'oJ,782 Tehama... 4,044 

Sacram'to.24,145 San Mateo 3,214 Trinity.... 5,125 

St. Barbara 3,543 Shasta.... 4,360 Tulare.. .. 4,638 

St. Clara. .11, 912 Sierra 11,389 Tuolumne. 16,229 

Santa Cruz. 4, 945 Siskiyou... 7,629 Yolo 4,710 

S. Bernard'05,554 Solano .... 7,170 Yuba 13,671 

San Diego. .4,326 Sonoma ...11,867 Total ..380,016 

Area, 102,606 square miles. 

384 Josephine. .1,622 Multnomah 4,150 Wasco 1,689 



Clackamas. 3,466 Curry 393 Lane 4,780 Polk 3,625 Washing'n.2, 

Clatsop.... 498 Douglas .. ..3,264 Linn 6,772 Tillamook. 95 Yarn Hill. .3, 

Columbia.. 532 Jackson ....3,736 Marion 7.088 Umpqua ....1,250 Total. ...52, 

KANSAS.— Area, 78,418 square miles. 



Allen 3,082 

Anderson.. 2,400 
Atchison.. 7,729 
Bourbon... 6,102 
Breckenr'ge3,632 
Brown .... 2,609 

Butler 437 

C&ase 808 



CUv 163 

Coffey 2,842 

Davis 1,163 

Dickinson. 378 
Doniphan . 8,084 

Dorn 88 

Douglas. .. 8,637 

Franklin.. 3,031 

Total 



Godfrey. 
Greenwood 759 
Hunter.... 158 
Jackson... 1,936 
Jefferson.. 4,458 
Johnson... 4,363 
LeaveH'th. 12,606 
Linn 6,336 



Lyk 

McGee .. 
Marion . . 
Marshall 
Morris.. 
Nemaha 

Osage 1,113 

Otoe 238 



4,9t<0 
1,501 
74 
2,280 
770 
2,437 



Pottawat'ie 

Riley 1 

Shawnee.. 3, 
Wabaunsee 1 
Washington 
Wilson.... 
Woodson.. 1, 
Wyandot.. 2 
107 : 



The population of the Territories is rapidly increasing, and no reliable Census Report 
can be here presented. 

Population of the Principal Cities and Towns. 



Census of 1860 



AugHsta, Me. ...7, 609 

Abington, Ms 8,527 

Adams, Ms 6,924 

Attleboro', Ms ..6,066 
Albany, N. Y.. 62,368 
Auburn, N. Y.. 10,986 
Arcadia, N. Y.. 5,318 
Amherst, N Y. 5,089 
Alleghany, Pa. .28,703 
Allentown, Pa.. 8,026 
Alexandria, Va. 11,206 
Augusta, Ga.... 12,493 
Atlanta, Ga.... 9,554 

Algiers, La 5,816 

Adrian, Mich... 6,213 

Alton, III 6,333 

Aurora, III 6,011 

Atchison, Kan.. 2,616 

Bangor, Me 16,407 

Biddeford, Me.. 9,349 

Bath, Me 8,076 

Belfast, Me 5,520 

Burlington, Vt.. 7,713 
Boston, Ms. ...177,481 
Beverly, Ms.. .. 6,154 
Blackstone, Ms. 5,453 
Brookline, Ms .. 5,164 
Barnstable, Ms. 6,129 
Bristol, R. I.... 5,271 
Bridgeport, Ct. .13,299 
Br'klyn, N. Y.266,664 
Buffalo, N. Y... 81, 131 
B'khaven, N. Y. 9,923 
Bingh'mt'n,N.Y.8,326 

Barre, N. Y 7,227 

Bath, N. Y 5,127 

Bergen, N. J.... 7,429 
Burlington, N.J. 5,174 
Birmingham, Pa. 6,046 
Baltimore, Md. 212,419 
Bloomington. 111.7.076 
Burlington, la. ..6,706 



Baton Rouge, La. 5,428 

Calais, Me 5,621 

Concord, N. H.. 10,896 
Cambridge, Ms. 26,060 
Cha'stown. Ms. 25,063 

Chelsea, Ms 13,395 

Chicopee, Ms... 7,261 
Cumberl'd, R. 1.8,339 
Cranston, R. I.. .7,500 
Cortland, N. Y. 10,075 
Cohoes, N. Y. ...8,800 
Canand'g'a,N.Y.7,075 
Castleton, N. Y. 6,7*8 
Canton, N. Y....6.379 
Catskill, N. Y.. 6,275 
Corning, N. Y... 6,003 
Champlain.N.Y. 5,857 
Camden, N. J. .14,358 
Carlisle, Pa.... 5,664 
Carbondale, Pa. 5,575 
Chambersb'g.Pa. 5,257 
Columbia, Pa.. .5,007 
Cumberl'nd, Md.8,478 
Charleston, S.C. 51,210 
Columbia, S. C. 8,083 
Columbus, Ga.. .9,621 
Columbus, Miss. 3,308 
Camden, Ark.. ..1,343 
Covington, Ky.. 16,471 
Cincinnati, O.. 161,044 
Cleveland, O... 36,054 
Columbus, O... 18,555 
Chilicothe, O... 7,657 
Chicago, 111. ..109,263 
Carson City, Nev.. 708 
Dover, N. H ....8,502 
Dorchester, Ms.. 9, 769 
Dedham, Ms. ...6, 330 
Danvers, Ms. ...5,110 

Danbury, Ct 7,234 

Derby. Ct 5,444 

Deer Park, N. Y. 5,186 



Danville, Pa. ...6,385 

Dayton, O 20,482 

Detroit, Mich. ..45,619 
Dubuque, la.. ..13,012 
Davenport, la ..11,268 

Denver, Col 4,749 

Enfield, Ct 4,997 

Elmira, N. Y ...8,682 
Ellisburg, N. Y .5,614 
E. Chester, N.Y. 5.582 
Elizabeth, N. J. 11, 567 

Erie, Pa 9,419 

Easton, Pa 8,944 

Evansville, Ind. 11,466 
Fall River, Ms. 14,027 
Fitchburg, Ms. ..7, 805 
Flushing, N. Y.10,189 
Fishkill, N. Y.. 9,546 
Frederick, Md. ..8,143 
Frostburg, Md...6,286 
Freder'ksb'g.Va. 5,022 
F*t Wayne.Ind. 10,368 
F'd du Lac, Wis. 5,450 
Fort Smith, Ark. 1,529 
Gloucester, Ms .10,903 
Greenwich, Ct. ..6,522 
Greenbush, N.Y.8,929 

Galen, N. Y 5,340 

Georgetown, D.C. 8,733 
Galveston, Tex. .8,177 
G'd Rapids.Mich. 8,058 

Galena, 111 8,196 

Galesburg, 111. ..5,626 
Golden City, Col. 1,014 
G't Salt La. City. 8,218 
Haverhill, Ms. ..9,995 

Holvoke, Mil 4,997 

Hartford, Ct... .29,152 
Hempst'd, N.Y.12,375 
Hunt'gton, N. Y. 8,925 
Hudson, N. Y... 7,262 
Hector, N. Y.... 5,623 



Haverst'w, N.Y.5,401 

Hoboken, N. J.. .9,662 
Hudson, N. J. ...7,229 
Hackens'k, N. J. 5,488 
Harrisburg, Pa. 13,406 
Hempfield, Pa. ..5,450 
Houston, Tex.. ..5,000 
Hamilton, O.. ..7,223 
Hannibal, Mo. ..6,505 
Ithaca, N. Y.. ..6,843 
India'polis, Ind. 18.612 
Iowa City, la. ...5,214 
Johnstown, N.Y.8,811 
Jamaica, N. Y ..6,515 
Jersey City, N.J. 29,226 
Jacksonv'le, Fla. 2,128 
Jefferson, La. ...5, 107 
Janesville, Wis. 7, 703 
JerTson City. Mo. 2,500 
Key West, Fla... 2,832 
Kingston. N. Y. 16,640 
Kal'mazoo, Mich. 6,070 

Keokuk, la 8,137 

Lawrence, Kan. .1,645 
Leavenw'h, Kan. 7,429 
Lexington, Mo. ..4, 115 

Lowell, Ms 36,827 

Lynn, Ms 19,083 

Lawrence, Ms. .17,639 
Lockport, N. Y. 13,523 
Lenox, N. Y ....8,024 
Little F'lls, N.Y. 5,989 
Lisbon, N. Y... .5,640 
Lansingb'g, N.Y. 5,577 

Lyons, N. Y 5,077 

Lancaster, Pa. .17, 603 
Lynchburg, Va..6,853 
Little Rock, Ark. 3,727 
Louisville, Ky.. 69,740 
Lexington, Ky.. .9,321 
Lafayette, Ind. ..9,426 
La Porte, Ind. ...5,028 



106 



POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



M'chester.N.H. 20,107 

Milford, Ms 9,132 

Marblthead, Ms. 7,646 
Marlboro', Ms. ..5,911 

Maiden, Ms 5,865 

Meriden, Ct 7,426 

Morrisania, N.Y. 9,245 
Malone, N. Y... .6,565 
1 Middleto'n, N.Y. 6,243 
Manlius, N. Y.. 6,028 
Milton, N. Y... .5,255 

Macon, Ga 8,247 

Mobile, Ala. ...29,259 
Montgo'ry, Ala.. 9,889 
Madison, Ind... .8,133 
Milw'kee, Wis. 45,254 
Madison, Wis. ..6,011 
Muscatine, la.. .5,324 
Mi n neap's, Minn. 2,564 
Mesilla, N. Mex.2,406 
Memphis, Tenn. 22,625 
Nashua, N. II.. 10,065 
New Bedf'd.Ms. 22,300 
Newb'ryp't.Ms. 13,401 

Newton, Ms 8,382 

North'pton, Ms. .6,788 
N. Bridgew'r.Ms 6,584 

Natick, Ms 5,515 

N.Provid'e, R.I. 11,818 
Newport, R. I. .10,508 
New Haven, Ct.39,268 
Norwich, Ct.. ..14,027 
N. London, Ct.. 10,115 

Norwalk, Ct 7,582 

New Britain, Ct. 5,212 
N. York, N.Y.813.668 
Newburg, N.Y.15,198 
Newtown, N.Y. 13,725 
Niagara, N. Y... 6,603 
N.IIemps'd.N Y. 5,419 
Newark, N. J. .71,941 



N.Bruns»k,N.J.ll,255 
Norfolk, Va... .14,609 
Newbern, N. C. .5,434 
Natchez, Miss. .13,553 
N.Orleans, La.168,472 
Nashville, Ten. 16,987 
Newport, Ky... 10,046 
N. Albany, Ind. 12,647 
Nebraska City.. 1,912 
Oswego, N. Y.. 16,817 
Oyster Bay.N. Y.9,168 
Ogdensb'g, N. Y. 7,410 
Or'getown, N. Y. 7,060 
Onondaga, N. Y. 5,113 
Orange, N. J. ...8,877 
Oshkosh, Wis. ..6,086 

Oregon City, Or. 

Ogden, Utah.... 1,464 
Omaha, Neb. ...1,888 
Pembina, Dak. ..3, 556 
Pt.To'ns'd,W.Ter.264 
Portland, Or. ...1,371 
Portland, Me. ..26,342 
Portsm'th, N. H. 9,335 
Pittsfield, Ms. ...8,045 
Plymouth, Ms. ..6,272 
Providence, R.I. 50, 666 
Pokeepsie.N. Y. 14,726 
Parishv'le, N.Y.9,033 
Potsdam, N. Y. .6,737 
Plattsburg, N.Y.6,680 
Phelps, N. Y.... 5,586 
Paterson, N. J.. 19,588 
Philad'phia,Pa565,531 
Pittsburg, Pa ..49,220 
Pottsville, Pa ...9,444 
Petersburg, Va. 18,266 
Portsmouth, Va.. 9,487 
Pensacola, Fla..4,680 
Prattville, Ala. ..3,200 
Portsmouth, O.. 6,268 



Peoria, 111 14,425 

Quincy, Ms 6,778 

Queensb'g, N.Y. 7,146 

Quincy, 111 13,718 

Rockland, Me.. ..7,316 

Rutland, Vt 7,577 

Roxbury, Ms.. .25,137 
Randolph, Ms.. .5,760 
Rochester, N.Y.48,243 

Rome, N. Y 6,246 

Rahway, N. J.. .7,130 

Reading, Pa 23,162 

Richmond, Va..37,910 
Richmond, Ind. .6,603 

Rockford, 111 7,363 

Rock Island, 111. .5,130 
Racine, Wis.... 7,822 

Saco, Me 6,223 

Salem, Ms 22.252 

Springfield, Ma. 15,199 
Somerville, Ms. .8,025 
S. Danvers, Ms. .6,549 
Smithfield.R. I. .13,283 
Stonington, Ct.. 7,740 
Stamford, Ct.. ..7,185 
Syraeuse, N. Y. 28,199 
Sche'ctady.N.Y. 9,579 
Saugerties, N.Y. 9, 536 
Seneca, N. Y.. ..8,448 
Saratoga, N. Y..6.521 
Southhold.N. Y.5,833 
Sullivan, N. Y. .5,233 
Scranton, Pa. ...9,223 
Staunton, Va.. .14,124 
Savannah, Ga.. 22,292 
S. Antonio, Tex. 8,274 
Sandusky, O.... 8,408 
Springfield, O... 7,202 
Steubenville, O. .6,154 
Springfield, 111. .6,499 



St. Louis, Mo. .151,780 
St. Joseph, Mo.. 8,932 
St. Paul, Minn. 10,401 
St.Anth'y, M ; nn. 3,258 
S.Franc'co.Cal. 56,805 
Sacramento, do. 13, 788 

Salem, Or 

SautaFe.N.Mex. 4,635 
Taunton, Ms... 15,376 

Troy, N. Y 39,235 

Trenton, N. J. .17,221 
Tuscaloosa, Ala. 3,989 

Toledo, O 13,768 

Terre Haute, Ind. 8,594 
Utica, N. Y... .22,528 
Volr.ey, N. Y.. .8,045 
Verona, N. Y... 5,966 
Vicksburg, Miss. 4, 591 
Virg. City, Nev. 2,345 
Westbrook, Me. .5,113 
Worcester, Ms. 24,960 
Weymouth, Ms. .7,742 
Woburn, Ms.. ..6,778 
Waltham, Ms.. .6,397 
W. Roxbury, Ms. 6,310 
Westfield, Ms. ..5,054 
Warwick, R. I.. 8,916 
Waterbury, Ct. 10,004 
WestTroy,N.Y.8,820 
Waterto'n, N.Y. 7,572 
Walkill, N. Y.. 6,603 
Wilm'gton.Del. 21,258 
Washi'g'n,D.C.61,118 
Wheel'g,W.Va.l4.163 
Waynesb'o\Va. 13,626 
Wi'm'gton, N.C. 9,553 
Wafrtown, Wis. 5,302 
Yonkers, N. Y. 11,848 

York, Pa 8,605 

Zanesville, O... .9,229 



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NEW-YORK AND WASHINGTON. 


There are perhaps no two cities in this country to which 


inventors and patentees are more frequently called, in the 


course of business, than New- York and Washington. For 


the convenience of our inventive friends, we subjoin a list 


of the principal objects and places of interest, which they 


should endeavor to see whenever they visit either place. 


Inventors will always be welcome at our offices in New- York 


or Washington ; and we hope they will " walk in " without 


knocking. We shall be happy to give them any informa- 


tion. (See page 13.) 


WASHINGTON.— PLACES OF INTEREST. 


Arsenal. 


National Observatory 


Alexandria, Va. 


Navy Yard. 


Aqueduct. 


Navy Department. 


Battle-Fields of Bull Run. 


Potomac Falls. 


Congressional Cemetery. 


Presidential Mansion andGardens. 


Capitol and Grounds. 


Patent Office. 


Georgetown Heights. 


Scientific American Office. 


General Post-Office. 


Smithsonian Institute. 


Government Insane Asylum. 


Soldier's Home. 


Government Green-Houses. 


Treasury Department. 


Jackson's Statue. 


War Department. 


Long Bridge. 


Washington Monument. 


Mount Vernon. * 


Washington's Statues. 


NEW-YOEK.-PLACES OF INTEREST. 


Academy of Music. Greenwood Cemetery. 


Academy of Design. 


High Bridge. 


Asylum for the Blind. 


Hoboken. 


Astor Library. 


Navy Yard. 


Atlantic Docks. 


Post-Office. 


Battery. 


Scientific American Office. 


Bible House. 


Sub-Treasury. 


Blackwell's Island. 


South Street. 


Central Park. 


Staten Island. 


City Hall. 


Tombs. 


Cooper Institute. 


Trinity Church. 


Croton Reservoir. 


United States Custom House. 


Dry Dock. 


Washington Monument. 


Fort Hamilton. 


Worth Monument. 


Fort Lafayette. 


Wall Street. 


Governor's Island. 


Washington Market. 



GEN] 

Alcohol, force of, 


3RAL INDEX. 


85 


35 


Mechanical Movements, 


Amendments, 


10 


Multum in Parvo, 


91 


Appeals, . 10, 24, 69, 


72, 74, 80 


New-York Places of Interest, 


107 ! 


Application for Patents, 


5, 9, 77 


Novelty of Inventions, . 


84 


Arsenic, . 


34 


Oath, to Patents, . 22, 67 


,70) 


Assignments. 7, 29, 30, 


31, 32, 65 


Official Rules, Patent Office, . 


21 


Assignees, Rights of, 26 


29 30, 32 


Ownership in Patents. 


9 


Austrian Patents, 


. 41 


Partnership in Inventions, , 


9 


Belgian Patents, . 


. 41 


Patent Laws of the U. S., . 


53 


Bishop, Hon. W. D., letter, 


Patent Office, Rules, . 


21 


British Patents, 


. 41 


Patent Reports, yearly, 


80 


Caveats, 


8, 33, 59 


Patents, How to Obtain, 5, 9 


,13 


Census of the U. S., 


. .99 


Patents, How to Sell, 


42 


Charcoal. Properties of, 


. 62 


Patents, Yalue of, 


4 


Chemical Inventions, 


. 51 


Patents, Validity of, . 


66 


Circle, Problems, 


• 44 


Patents on Small Things, 


45 


Commissioners, Letters of, . 18 


Patents to Foreigners, 


50 


Contested Cases, 


. 69 


Patents may be Divided, 26 


, 65 


Copies of Patents, . 


. 15,54 


Patentee, Rights of. 


30 


Copyrights, 


. 14 


Penalty for Stamping, 


70 


Cost of applying for Patents, 9 


Population of Towns and Cities,105 


Courts, Powers of, 


62 


Power of Water, 


49 


Cuban Patents, 


. 41 


Principle, Claims for, 


22 


Designs, 


. 14, 76 


Priority of Invention, 21,25 


,57 


Disclaimers j . 


27,65 


Prussian Patents, . 


41 


Drawings, 


. 22,65 


Quick Applications, . 


13 


Electric Spark, 


. 19 


Reissues, . . 26, 59 


,66 


Electric Conductors, 


46 


Rejected Applications, 10, 33 


75 


Examinations, 


. 6, 23, 56 


Remittances, 


11 1 


Examiners-in-Chief, . 


74 


Royalty, .... 


44 


Extension of ~ Patents, 


28, 63, 71 


Rules, 'Patent Office, 


21 


Fees, Official, Table of, 


! 76 


Russian Patents, 


41 


Forfeited Cases, . 


10,80 


Secret Archives, . 


24 


Foreign Patents, 


. 29,40 


Sound, .... 


20 


French Patents, 


. .41 


Spanish Patents, . 


41 


General Information, 


. 7,33 


Specification, the, . 22 


,33 


Going to Washington, 


. .15 


Stamps, on Assignments, etc., 


32 


Geometry, Practical, 


83 


Steam Engine, the 


37 


Heat Conductors. . 


. 50 


Steam, Pressure of, Table, 


98 


Heat, Effects of, table. 


20 


Substitute for Belts and Gears 


,98 


Heirs of Inventor, Rights of, 58 


Substitute for the Crank, 


82 


Hints to Letter-Writers 


. 38,52 


Suits, Law Patents, 


80 


Holt, Hon. J., Letter, 


. .18 


Tracing Paper, . 


35 


Horse Power, 


49 


Use, Prior to Patent, 


68 


How to Invent, 


. 3 


Useful Hints, 


52 


How to Obtain Patents, 


. 5,9 


Yalue of Patents, 


4 


How to Sell Patents 


. . 42 


Yane, a Sparkling, 


46 


Income from Patents, 


44 


Washington, Places of Interest,107 


Information, Official, 


- 33 


What is it Worth, 


97 


Infringements, . 


. 16, 97 


What Prevents a Patent . 


21 


Interferences, 


25,57 


Where to go for Patents, 


81 


Invention, What it is, 


. 21 


Who may obtain Patents, . 


55 


Inventor, Rights of, 


13,29 


i Will it pay, .... 


97 



